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Ecology of the Mass Media (Chronosystem Influences (Cons (Substitute for…
Ecology of the Mass Media
Chronosystem Influences
More personal than social
Cons
Substitute for real life
Exposure to inappropriate content
Benefits
New worlds are opened to children
Expanded learning
Technology changes
Content changes
Media appeal to different ages and populations
Advertising extended to product placement
Macrosystem Influences
Politics
Laws
Children's Television Act (1990)
Economics
Corporate sponsors
Technology
Type of medium and content
Public Airwaves
FTC & FCC, state & local regulation to serve the public
Cable
Not under the same obligation
V-chips
Television and Movies
Affect on Culture
Sleep habits
Meal arrangements
Use of Leisure time
Conversation patterns
Fashion fads
Hairstyles
Music
Sports
Theories
Social Cognitive (Bandura)
Positive & Negative role modeling
Identify with role model & imitate active behavior
Cultivation (Gerbner)
Affects beliefs and alters behavior
Motivation (Rubin)
Depends on how it is used
Depends on individual ability/characteristics
Depends on if used alone, with peers or adults
Displacement (Bronfenbrenner)
Displaces important developmental activities: play, hobbies, games, sleep, studying, reading, physical activities, social engagements, conversations with family & friends, reading
Socialization Concerns
Socioemotional Development & Relationships
Establishing & Maintaining relationships
3-5 hours a day TV viewing
More for underprivileged kids
Affects interpersonal relationships
Communication, compromise & resolution of problems negatively affected
Physical Development and Health
Obesity
15 food ads per day
Substance Use & Abuse
Tobacco & alcohol ads
Psychological Development & Behavior
Perception
Form
Animation, live, scripted
Perceptually salient (high action, special visual & auditory effects
Style
Action, drama, news
Content
Sex-type cues
Boys
Rapid action, quick cuts & scene changes, local sound effects
Girls
Dreamy or tinkling music, dissolve scene changes, quiet sounds
Formal Features
Laugh tracks
Emotions about Aggression & Violence
Violent videos
Sleep problems
Measured on TV by prevalence, rate & role
Effects of TV Viewing on Attitudes & Motives
Attitudes include attributions, rules and explanations learned from observations of behavior
Attitudes about Aggression & Motives to Behave Aggressively
Changed after talking with adults about unreality & alternative strategies
Cognitive Development & Achievement
Advertising on the Screen
Smoking & drinking glamorization
Broadcast TV, Diversity & Stereotyping
Males outnumber females 2 to 1 in prime-time TV
Effect of Screen Media Viewing on Children's Reading & Communication Skills
Little mother-child communication while watching TV
Activities with mother-child communication related to child's emergent literacy
Effect of TV/Video Viewing on Academic Achievement
Viewing under age 3 - negatively related
Content has an impact
Preschool educational content - higher grades in school, more reading, more value placement on achievement, greater creativity, less aggression
Cognitive Impact of "Educational" Videos on Infants & Toddlers
Comprehension increases with age
Moral Development & Values
Screen Media & Sexuality
Viewing shows depicting premarital, extramarital, or nonmarital sex affects moral values
Family discussions can intervene
Mediating Influences on the Socialization Outcomes of Screen Media
Comstock & colleagues: TV is a major socializer but there are intervening influences: cognitive level, psychological needs, attitudes, motives, habits, interests, values, morals, beliefs, and experiences.
Selective Attention
Influence of Adult Coviewing
Strategies to mediate
check ratings and evaluating what kinds of programs
view tv with children and discussing
controll the # of hours
arrange family activities other than tv
Mesosystem Infuences
Community-Media Linkages
Public Broadcasting Service
Founded in 1969
National Educational Television - predecessor
Cable & Satellite Television
Recording Devices
DVRs, DVDs, video games, VHS
Public Interest Groups
Action for Children's Television, Center for Media Literacy
School-Media Linkages
PBS - interactive activities for classrooms
Cable in the classroom
TV-Internet - schools lease airwave license to wireless companies
Peer Group-Media Linkages
Nathanson: parental influence may wane when children reach adolescence and face pressure from peers.
Peer mediation occurs frequently: promotes more positive orientation toward violent programs, leading to greater aggression
Ability to connect via cell phone & internet
Family-Media Linkages
Parents should but don't mediate TV shows
Both parents work
Kids have personal media devices
Children & Print Media: Books & Magazines
How Books & Magazines Socialize Children
Language & Socialization
Consumerism
Knowledge base
Jim Trelease: Reading aloud
Listening comprehension enables reading comprehension
Enhances attachment
Provides model to imitate
Advice
Language, Reading & Cognitive Development
More advanced in language development
Literary language is more structured and complex
Syntactic patterns are richer than the language used in TV
Psychosocial Development
Role Models
Values
Cope with Problems
Folk tales
Tribal history
Local history
Myth
Legend
Tricksters
Entertainment
Understand Feelings
Print Media & Socialization Concerns
Fantasy & Reality
Violence
Could be cathartic for children (Cashdan)
Stereotyping
Correlated with obesity & negative body image for both men & women
Children & Audio Media: Popular Music
Music Videos
Concerns
Mental images
Commercialism
Effects of Music Lyrics
Concern that repeated exposure to violent lyrics may contribute to aggressive personality
Contagion - do song reflect or influence values?
Children & Digital Media: The Internet
Coping w/ Internet Information Overload
Leu (2005): children can easily be conned by misinformation
Different skills needed: knowledge about search engines, how info is organized within websites, higher level of referencial reasoning and comprehension-monitory strategies
Internet Communication: Social Networking
As use of Internet increased, # of social activities engaged in decreased
Some use Internet to attract playmates & communicate with friends
Negatives: Source of gossip & cyberbullying - also exclusion from group if no Internet access, no face-to-face contact resulting in alienation, identities formed by online persona acceptance instead of self-exploration, dangerous connections with strangers
Similar usage between boys & girls. 1 hour average a day.
Children & Multimedia: Devices & Games
8 hours + per day
40% of total media time on mobile devices or tablets playing video games, social networking, listening to music, searching Internet
75% have access to Smartphone
Texting: worse formal communication, better informal communication
4% have sent "sext" messages, 15% have recieved
Feel empowered by easy access to info, etc.