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Bacteria Types (Weird Shit (Spirochetes (PATHOGENESIS Early Latent It…
Bacteria Types
Gram (+)
Gram (+) rods
commonly of the clostridium family
Clostridium difficile
Location
Gut flora (10% of population)
Pathogenic Properties
Enterotoxin production
Cytotoxin
Alcohol resistant spores
Typical Disease Presentation
Diarrhea
Pseudomembranous colits
Nosocomial infection
Associated with antibiotics
Clindamycin
use may lead to C. Diff
Teatment
Antibiotic Resistance
Resistant to most common antibiotics
Clostridium tetani
Location
Soil
Animal GI tract
Pathogenic Properties
anaerobic
Retrograde axonal transport of toxin to CNS
Causes muscles to contract
leading to a total paralysis
Treatment
Tetanus-immune human gamma globulin
Prevention
Inactive Toxoid -->
Production of Anti-Toxin Ab
Clostridium botulinum
(
anaerobic
)
Location
Soil
GI Tract of animals
Canned food
(Anaerobic conditions)
Pathogenic
Properties
Botulinum toxin
Blocks ACh release
#
Typical Disease
Presentation
Flaccid Paralysis
You can't contract your muscles
Infant botulism
Wound Botulism
Clostridium perfringens
(
anaerobic
)
Typical Disease
Presentation
Crushing Wound Infection
Cellultis
Myonecrosis
Gas gangrene
Clostridial food poisoning
Pathogenic Properties
Alpha Toxin
Kill phagocytic cells
Kills muscle tissue
#
#
Enterotoxin
Disrupts tight junctions
Disrupts fluid transport
#
Gram (+) cocci
Staphylococci
Catalase Positive
Staphylococcus
aureus
Typical Disease Presentation
Foreign Bodies
Cutaneous infection
Derm Presentation
Focal Abscesses
Surrounding Cellulitis
Pathogenic Properties
Coagulase production
Alpha-Toxin release
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Staphylococcal food poisoning
Superantigen Toxin Release (activates 25% of host's T-cells)
Location
Anterior nares and perineum
Treatment
Effective Antibiotics
Order of Antibiotic Resistance
1st Penicillin
2nd Methicillin
MRSA : (methicillin resistant staph. aureus
3rd Vancomycin
Staphylcoccus
epidermidis
Typical Disease Presentation
Foreign Body
Pathogenic Properties
Typically
Not
Pathogenic
Can cause
endocarditis
Antibiotics
1st Methicillin Resistance
Location
Normal Skin Flora
Streptococcus
Form in chains / pairs
Catalase Negative
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Cocci in pairs
Location
UR Flora
Typical Disease Presentation
Invasive
Meningitis
Bacteremia / septicemia
Pneumonia with septicemia
Non-invasive
Pneumonia
Sinusitis
Otitis media
Bronchitis
Treatment
Antibiotic Resistances
Penicillin
Effective Antibiotics
Prevention
Vaccines
Pneumovax
eldery/immunocompromised
Prevnar / Prevnar 13
Kids
Streptococcus pyrogènes
Location
Pharynx
Typical Disease Presentation
Strep throat
Rheumatic Fever
Self-reactive abs
Glomerulonerphritis
Self cross-reaction
Complement mediated damage
Derm Presentation
Cellulitis
Abscesses
Pathogenic Properties
M-Protein
(anti-phagocytosis surface protein)
M-protein Ab produced by host
Hydrolytic enzymes:
break down tissue/damage
kill phagocytic cells
#
#
TREATMENT
1st Penicillin
then
Clindamycin
for severe infections
“Viridans” streptococci
Typical Disease Presentation
Endocarditis
Grow on damaged heart valves
Cavities
#
Location
Mouth
Enterococcus faecium / Enterococcus faecalis
Location
Intestinal flora
Treatment
Antibiotic Resistance
Vancomycin
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci
Typical Disease Presentation
UTI
Surgical Wound
#
Biliary tract
Encocarditis
#
Typical Nosocomial Infection
Mixed infections due to colon perforation
Gram (-)
Users of
Endotoxins
Gram (-)
(dilpo)
cocci
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Typical Disease
Presentation
Growth on Mucosal surface
(Gonorrhea)
Conjunctivitis
Infants
born to
infected mothers
Purulent discharge
Local tissue invasion
FEMALES
Cervicitis
Abnormal vaginal Discharge
Urethritis
2 more items...
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
endometritis
Salpingitis
Tubo-ovarian abscess
MALES
Asymptomatic
Urethritis
Epididymitis
Proctitis
Scarring
Pathogenic Properties
Antigenically variable
Pilus
Neutrophil Resistance
Treatment
Antibiotic Resistance
Penicillin
Fluoroquinolone
Cephalosporin
Ceftriaxone
+
Azithromycin
Ceft for the Gonno
Azi for a likely C. trachomatis infection
MICRO LAB ID
(+) Oxidase
(-) Maltose
(-) Sucrose
Grow with
5% CO2
Gram Stain of urethral discharge revealing **diplococci WITHIN polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)
NAAT to diagnose
Why so Bad?
OPA proteins for attachment
Large antigenic variation
Asymptomatic carriers transmit
Gram (-) Rods
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
If pt gets
NEW
infection in hospital. Ensure that P. aeruginosa
is covered by antibiotic regimen
!!
Typical Disease
Presentation
Traumatic injury infection
Surgical wounds
BURNS
Lung infection in patients with CF
Common
Viscous bronchial
secretions protect
P. aeruginosa from
Phagocytosis
Progressive
Lung Damage
Intravascular catheter
Nosocomial
UTs, pneumonia,
#
Treatment
Highly Antibiotic
Resistant
#
Effective Antibiotics:
Enterobacteriaceae
inhabitants of GI tract
Klebsiella sp.
Location
normal flora
Typical Disease
Presentation
All Nosocomial!
UTI
Lower respiratory tract
Biliary tract
Surgical wound site
Enters Blood
Septic Shock
Sepsis
Proteus
Location
decomposing animal matter
mamallian intestine
feces
Typical Disease
Presentation
Wound infections
Septicemia
Pneumonia
Nosocomial
Enterobacter
Location
Intestinal flora
Typical Disease
Presentation
Nosocomial Septicemia
Nosocomial pneumonia
Nosocomial UTI
Post-surgical peritonitis
Shigella spp
Typical Disease Presentation
Cause of watery diarrhea due to
enterotoxins
All can cause dysentery
Groups
Group A
S. dysenteriae
Causes epidemic dysentery
Group B
S. flexneri
male homosexuals
Group C
S. boydii
rare in US, primarily India
Group D
S. sonnei
Common in US, mildest disease
Escherichia coli
prototypical gram(-) enteric
Strains of
E. Coli
E. coli UTI
(endogenous
from GI tract)
Virulence Factors
Adherence to bladder epithelium
Bladder Epithelial
cell interactions
Beta-hemolytic
Presentation
Infection of Urethra
Bladder Infection
1 more item...
E. coli diarrheal Disease
(from drinking water/food)
Virulence Factors
Adherence to intestinal mucosa
Toxins that disrupt Electrolytes
Presentation
Traveler's Diarrhea
E. coli abdominal
Colon contents spill into peritoneal cavity
Virulence Factors
Aerobic/ Anaerobic mixed infections
Anaerobic induced abscesses form
Presentation
Surgical wounds
Tramumatic wounds
Colon Cancer
E. coli Enterohemorrhagic
E. coli 0157H7
Virulence Factors
Shiga Toxin
#
Presentation
Bloody Diarrhea
Hemolytic uremic
syndrome
1 more item...
Location
Intestinal flora
Treatment
Antibiotics
Most work
Antibiotics resistance
Resistance acquisition
accelerated by use of
plasmids
Salmonella
Typical Disease Presentation
Gastroenteritis
24-48 hours after ingestion
Typhoid Fever
Yersina
Eating undercooked pork, dariy
Y. enterocolitica
and
Y. pseudotuberculosis
Typical Disease Presentation
Low grade fever
Wtaery diarrhea
Right lower quadrant pain
Campylobacter
Raw chicken
Lab
Catalase Positive
Oxidase Positive
IMPORTANT
Guillain- Barré syndrome
cross-rxn autoimmune demyelating degen nerve disease
Reiters Syndrome
Cross-rxn autoimmune in HLA B27+
Anaerobes other
than the clostridia
Bacteroides fragilis
The
prototypical
endogenous anaerobic pathogen
aerotolerant
Location
Anaerobic Locations
Gums/Tongue of mouth
Female Genital tract/skin
Colon
Gut Flora
Minor component
Typical Disease
Presentation
Mixed infections
Aerobic bacteria metabolize local O2
Abscess
Intra-abdominal infections
Pathogenic Properties
Tissue-destructive enzymes
#
Anti-phagocytic capsule
Superoxide Dismutase
Converts ROS to O2 or H2O2
Intracellular Bacteria
Think about which antimicrobial treatments can penetrate eukaryotic cells.
Chlamydia trachomatis
Cannot synthesize ATP
Typical Disease
Presentation
Trachoma
Conjunctivitis
Scarring
Blindness
Genital Infection
MEN
Urethritis
(Non-gonococcal)
WOMEN
#
Urethritis
Cervicitis
Pelvic Inflammatory
Disease
Neonatal Infection
Conjunctivitis
Scarring
Blindness
MICRO LAB ID
Giemsa's Stain
NAAT
Treatment
Erythromycin for gonococcal ophthalmia
1st Line Doxycycline 100mg orally 2/d for 21days
2nd Line Azithromycin
Bacteria that lack Cell Walls
Mycoplasma
Ureaplasma
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
NO GRAM STAINING
Typical Disease Presentation
Mild Pneumonia
Ages 5-20
Fever
Headache
Sore throat
Non-productive cough
Treatment
Antibiotic Resistance
Penicillin
No Peptidoglycan cell wall
Effective Antibiotics
Pathogenic Properties
Adhere to respiratory
epithelial cells
H202 production
Superoxide Radicals
Weird Shit
H. Pylori
Typical Disease Presentation
mucosal inflammation with epithelial cell damage and neutrophil infiltration --> Duodenal Ulcer
Treatment
Proton Pump Inhibitor + Bismuth + Tetracycline for 14d
Spirochetes
MICOR LAB ID
Typical Disease Presentation
DIAGNOSIS
Darkfield examination
Immunofluorescence
Serologic Testing - RPR, VDRL
2-3 weeks after untreated syphilis
4-8 weeks for detection in CSFd
PATHOGENESIS
Early Latent
It takes 10 - 90 days for incubation
1st
you get chancre (
PAINLESS
ULCER)
Lymphadenopathy nearby
2nd
Rash and lymphadenopathy
3rd
Latent - just hangs around for 2-50 years
Late Latent
Just hangs out for 2-50 years. You get tertiary symptoms:
Gumma
(growth with necrotic tissue at center -it's a granuloma
You also can get dementia, CV Syphilis, Paresis (muscle weakness due to nerve damage)
Tabes dorsalis
, also known as syphilitic myelopathy, is a slow degeneration (specifically, demyelination) of the neural tracts primarily in the dorsal columns (posterior columns) of the spinal cord (the portion closest to the back of the body) & dorsal roots. These nerves normally help maintain a person's sense of position (proprioception), vibration, and discriminative touch.)
Neurosyphilis
T. pallidum spreads to CNS/eyes
Evaluate with LP:
CSF, WBC, Protein, Glucose, VDRL
Watch out for cognitive impairment, CN palsies, meningitis, or stroke
Leptospirosis
Leptospira interrogans
This is NOT Leprosy
DIAGNOSIS
Blood/urine culture. Can grow on artificial media.
TREATMENT
pencillin
and
tetracycline
therapeutic
Doxycycline
prophylactic efficacy
SOURCE
Animals with kidney infections pee this into the water.
Stagnant water keeps it alive best.
