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Ecology of the Peer Group (Peer Group Socializing Mechanisms…
Ecology of the Peer Group
The significance of Peers to Human Development
Belonging Needs and Social Interaction
Sense of Self
Parents vs. Peer Influence
Peer Group's Influence on Psychological Development: Emotions
Followership vs. Leadership
Peer Group's Influence on Social Development: Social Competence and Conformity
Social Competence
: behavior informed by an understanding of others' feelings and intentions, the ability to respond appropriately, and knowledge of the consequences of one's actions.
Depends on: Age, Situation, and Personal Values
Peer Group's influence on Cognitive Development: Social Cognition
Social Cognition
: conceptions and reasoning about people, the self, relations between people, social groups' roles and rules, and the relation of such conceptions to social behavior.
Stages of Cognitive Development
Preoperational stage
(age 2-7)
Concrete Operational Stage:
(Ages 7-11) ability to apply logical, systematic principles to help interpret specific or tangible experiences.
Assumptive reality
: a theory about reality assumed to be true without examining or evaluating contradictory data.
Cognitive conceit
: Elkind's term for children in Piaget's stage of concrete operations who put too much faith in their reasoning ability and cleverness
Formal Operational Stage
(
age 11 and on
): ability to think logically about abstract ideas and hypotheses, as well as concrete facts.
reality testing
: testing assumptions against facts
imaginary audience
: the beliefs that others are as concerned with one's behavior and appearance as one is oneself.
Peer Group Socializing Mechanisms
Reinforcement
positive reinforcers, negative reinforcers, and neutral reinforcers
Modeling
learning to do something new, learning the consequences of behavior by observing someone else, and modeling how to behave in a new situation
modeling can influence behavior dependent on the
situation
, the
model
and the
observer
Punishment
teasing, physical aggression, or rejection by the group
bullying
victims of bullying
are usually withdrawn, passive, shy, insecure, and have difficulty asserting themselves in a group
Bullies
are usually dominant, aggressive, impulsive, angry, and have a low frustration tolerance
Apprenticeship
the expert helps the novice
it can go both ways for 2 people
Vygotsky suggested that the boundaries for a novice's learning abilities lie between (1) his or her
actual
development and (2) his or her
potential
development (Zone of Proximal Development)
Macrosystem Influences on the Peer Group: Developmental Tasks
Getting along with others
Developing Morals and Values
Types of Morality:
Morality of constraint
: behavior based on respect for persons in authority
Morality of cooperation
: behavior based on mutual understanding between equals
the peer group helps children in the
process
of developing morals (learning by doing), whereas the
level
of moral development is greatly influenced by parenting styles
Learning Appropriate Sociocultural Roles
independence vs. interdependence
Sex and Gender Roles
Achieving Personal Independence and Identity
Chonosystem Influences on the Peer Group: Play/activities
The Significance and development of Play
Solitary (infants & toddlers)
Onlooker (2-year-olds)
Parallel (2-3 year olds)
Associative (3-4 year olds)
Cooperative (4-5 years old)
Infant/Toddler & Early Childhood Peer Activities
Adolescent Peer Activities
Middle Childhood/Preadolescent Peer Activities
Games and Development
Cognitive Influence
Psychological Influence
Sociocultural influence
Peer Group Interaction
Development of Friendship
(1) Early Childhood: momentary playmate-ship; (2) Early to Middle Childhood: one-way assistance; (3) Middle childhood: two-way, fair-weather cooperation; (4) Middle Childhood to Adolescence: intimate, mutually shared relationships; (5) Adolescence to adulthood: autonomous, interdependent friendships
Peer Group Acceptance/Neglect/Rejection
Sociotherapy
: an intervention to help children who have trouble making and keeping friends learn to relate to others