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Digestion (Food Digestion (Digestive in mono-gastric stomach (Enzymes…
Digestion
Food Digestion
Classification of Digestion
Intracellular Digestion
food enter
via
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
less efficient
Simple, incomplete digestion system
Extracellular Digestion
Complete digestion system
Unidirectional
Tubular system
Lumen of digestive tracts
digestive enzymes
catalyzes food to simple molecules
food absorbed
via
passive diffusion
phagocytosis
more efficient
Digestive tracts of animals
Type of guts
Foregut
Mouth
Oesophagus
Midgut
Stomach
Intestine
Hindgut
Large Intestine
Rectum
Animals
Annelid (earthworm)
Tubular system
Gizzard
for grinding food
Long intestine
Invertebrates
Simple alimentary canal
single gland
Fish
Amphibians
Aves
Herbivores
Ruminants
Mammals
Arthropoda (ant)
digestive juices
dissolve solid food into liquid form
Digestive process in the mouth
Peristalsis
unidirectional movement
alternate wave of contraction & relaxation
Segmentation
rhythmic contraction
circular muscle contraction
Digestive in mono-gastric stomach
Processes in stomach
Secretion
Presence of protein
stimulate G-cells
hormone gastrin secreted
stimulate parietal cells
secrete HCl
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Digestion
Pepsin
protein -> polypeptides
HCl
create acidic environment
kill bacteria
.
Absorption
Limited by thick mucous layer
Processes in small intestine
Secretion
gall bladder
bile
liver
.
Pancreas
bicarbonate (HCO3)
enzymes
Digestion
(long polypeptides -> short polypeptides) Trypsin & chymotrypsin
(maltose -> glucose) Maltase
(starch -> maltose) Amylase
(dipeptide -> amino acids) Dipeptidase
(emulsify lipids) bile salts
(triglycerides -> FFA+glycerol+monoglycerides) Lipase
Motility
Peristaltic contraction
Enzymes characteristics
group specific
pH sensitive
hydrolases
temperature dependant
Structure of the intestine
wall of intestine
glands
secretes digestive enzyme
in-folding & villus
increase surface area
for absorption
Food Intake
Predators
hunt, identify, chase & capture
sit & wait srategy
graze / browse
Voluntary Food Intake (VFI)
weight of food given - weight of leftover
Food Intake
Metabolites detection
Hunger and Satiety
Sensors
Glucoreceptors
Short term Control
Pressure receptors
Long term Control
Fat deposition
hormone leptin
stimulate the release of neuropeptides
regulate the energy balance by inhibiting hunger
weight loss treatment
Hyperphagia
*Food Absorption
movement of end-product of digestion across the epithelial lining of the gut into the circulatory
out of cell into body fluid
facilitated diffusion
fructose
absorbed by co-transport using carriers
glucose, galactose & amino acid
passive diffusion
FFA
simple diffusion & active transport
minerals
Digestion & Absorption of lipids
intestinal lipase (digestion)
absorption in to the epithelial cells
Emulsification of triglycerides
cellular modification & formation of chylomicrons
extrusion of chylomicrons into lymphatic vessels
Mineral Absorption
absorption of calcium
also enters the cell by f
acilitated diffusion
actively extruded by Ca-ATPase pump
endocytosis
Large Intestine
remove feces
re-absorption of water
