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FUNCTIONALISM (MERTON (DEVIANT ADAPTIONS TO STRAIN (THERE ARE FIVE TYPES…
FUNCTIONALISM
MERTON
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C = IT ONLY ACCOUNTS FOR UTILITARIAN CRIME FOR MONETARY GAIN AND NOT CRIMES OF VIOLENCE, VANDALISM (ETC) // MERTON'S THEORY EXPLAINS HOW DEVIANCE RESULTS FROM INDIVIDUAL'S ADAPTIONS TO THE STRAIN OF ANOMIE BUT IGNORES THE ROLE OF GROUPS DEVIANCE
FOR MERTON, DEVIANCE IS THE RESULT OF A STRAIN BETWEEN TWO THINGS:
- THE GOALS THAT A CULTURE ENCOURAGES INDIVIDUALS TO ACHIEVE
- WHAT THE INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY ALLOWS THEM TO ACHIEVE LEGITIMATELY
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OTHER FUNCTIONALISM
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S = COHEN ARGUES THAT PROSTITUTION PERFORMS SUCH A SAFETY VALVE FUNCTION WITHOUT THREATENING THE INSTITUTION OF THE FAMILY BECAUSE THE RIME OF PROSTITUTION COULD RELIEVE STRESS IN A DISCRETE WAY WITHOUT DAMAGING THE REST OF FAMILY LIFE
C = FEMINISTS CRTICISE BOTH SOCIOLOGISTS ARGUMENTS AS BOTH PROSTITUTION AND PORNOGRAPHY DEVALUES WOMEN AND CAN CAUSE PROBLEMS WITHIN THE MONOGAMOUS NUCLEAR FAMILY - EG: DECREASING WOMEN'S SELF ESTEEM
DURKHEIM
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THE POSITIVE FUNCTIONS
BOUUNDARY MAINTENCE
THIS MAY BE DONE THROUGH THE RITUALS OF THE COURTROOM WHICH DRAMATISES WRONGDOING AND PUBLICLY SHAME / STIGMATISED THE OFFENDER
FOR DURKHEIM, THIS EXPLAINS THE FUNCTION OF PUNISHMENT. IN HIS VIEW, THE PURPOSE OF PUNISHMENT IS TO REAFFIRM SOCIETY'S SHARED RULES AND REINFORCE SOCIAL SOLIDARITY
CRIME PRODUCES A REACTION FROM SOCIETY, UNITING ITS MEMBERS IN CONDEMNATION OF THE WRONGDOER AND REINFORCING THEIR COMMITMENT TO THE SHARED NORMS AND VALUES
ADAPTION AND CHANGE
THERE MUST BE SOME SCOPE FOR INDIVIDUALS TO CHALLENGE AND CHANGE EXISTING NORMS AND VALUES. IN THE FIST INSTANCE THIS WILL INEVITABLE APPEAR AS DEVIANCE
ALL CHANGE STARTS WITH AN ACT OF DEVIANCE. INDIVIDUALS WITH NEW IDEAS, VALUES AND WAYS OF LIVING MUST NOT BE COMPLETELY STIFLED BY THE WEIGHT FO SOCIAL CONTROL
ALTHOUGH, IN THE LONG RUN THEIR VALUES MAY GIVE RISE TO A NEW CULTURE AND MORALITY.
IF THOSE WITH NEW ISEAS ARE SUPPRESSED, SOCIETY WILL STAGNATE AND BE UNABLE TO MKAE NECESSARY ADAPTIVE CHANGES
S = DURKHEIM'S THEORY WAS DEVELOPED BY ERIKSON, WHO ARGUES THAT IF DEVIANCE PERFORMS POSITIVE SOCIAL FUNCTIONS THEN PERHAPS IT MEANS SOCIETY IS ACTUALLY ORGANISED SO AS TO PROMOTE DEVIANCE
C = CRIME DOESN'T ALWAYS PROMOTE SOLIDARITY AND INSTEAD IT MAY HAVE THE OPPOSITE EFFECT, LEADING PEOPLE TO BECOME MORE ISOLATED - EG: FORCING WOMEN TO STAY INDOORS FOR FEAR OF ATTACK