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Antimicrobials (Features (Adverse Effect (Toxic Effects (some…

- - - - lowest dose toxic to patient divided by dose typically used for therapy
      - chemotherapeutic index = toxic dose / therapeutic dose
  - - - inhibit growth of microorganisms
      - high concentrations of some bacteriostatic agents are also bactericidal
      - Bstatic daptomycin, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, nitrofurantoin, co-trimoxazole, telithromycin
    - - Kill microorganisms
      - Low concentrations of some bacteriocidal agents may be bacteriostatic
      - penicillin, cephalosporins, and vancomycin
  - - - Some kill only limited range
    - - While others kill wide range of microorganisms
  - - - action of one drug enhances the activity of another or vice versa.
    - - activity of one drug interferes with the action of another.
  - - - some antimicrobials toxic at high concentrations or cause adverse effects
    - - some people develop hypersensitivities to antimicrobials
- - - - Streptomyces and Bacillus
    - - Penicillium and Cephalosporium
    - - Select strain and grow in broth
      - When maximum antibiotic concentration is attained, extract from medium
      - Purify antibiotic
      - Chemically alter antibiotic to make it more stable
  - - - ??
    - - resists excretion and breakdown = highly stable