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Free Will (Hard Determinism (Darrow (Laywer of Leopold and Loeb case (2…
Free Will
Hard Determinism
Darrow
Laywer of Leopold and Loeb case (2 teens, murdered little boy)
He argued they weren't responsible for their actions, instead psychological and environmental influences were and because of this the death penalty was not considered.
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A02 - Very demoralizing - might be an extent to that but not everything is pre-determined. If my spur of the moment decision to go to Tesco is pre-determined, why did I have to think about it?It also suggests that our choices are lucky or unlucky rather than a chain of cause e.g. picking between 2 foods you like, 1 you like and 1 you don't - that's not a choice
Pavlov
Dog and Bell - we can be conditioned to behave, so its not our choice. Dog didn't choose to salivate
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Milgrim
We obey higher authorities and so don't exercise Free Will. 65% of people gave the lethal administration of shock
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Ted Honderich
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1) Mental Determinism = mental events (thoughts) are simply neural events (physical)
If these cannot be controlled (which they cant) then our actions cannot be.
2)Initiation determinism = intentions, feelings and desires are effects of events.
3)Actions determinism = final part of casual sequence
A02 - 1 brain event doesn't always lead to 1 action, we have lots so his argument is too simplistic.
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Soft Determinism
Hume
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Mostly every time we act, we do so in accordance with out will (our desires) but we can chose not to even though this never happens
- Liberty of spontaneity = act so quickly that the will isn't considered
- Liberty of indifference = we can act against our will, usually we don't
Locke
Gave the example of the locked room. If a man wakes up in a locked room (he doesn't know its locked) then he is free to decide to sit there and do nothing therefore believing he is free (his ignorance is alluding him to freedom
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Locke argued that in order to be completely free we need The power of choice and the absence of constraint
Kant
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Humans are the only things that can exist in both Animals exist in the phenomenal and God and Angels in the Noumenal
We can be controlled by our emotions, desires, experiences, favoritisms etc but in order to be moral we should ignore them, Then we will be truly free
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Libertarianism
C.A. Campebell
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Thus when I am acting freely, the future is open to me and I can chose one way or the other
E.g. I am not free to lay an egg, but I am free to decide if I want to stop off in the shops on the way home.
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Van Inwagen
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Both paths are genuinely open to you, as long as you could have gone down either path.
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Theological
Augustine
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However, God can help us do the right thing but we have to ask, we can therefore be free with his help
A02 - If we have to ask for help, then we aren't properly free, and you cannot receive help unless you chose it.