The unfolding model of turnover identifies four primary paths to turnover, and suggests that these paths to turnover are often initiated by a shock: an event that leads someone to consider quitting his or her job (Lee & Mitchell, 1994). Shocks can be expected (e.g., completing a pro- fessional certification) or unexpected (e.g., being mistreated by a co-worker); job-related (e.g., being passed over for a promotion) or non-job-related (e.g., spouse offered an opportunity in another location); and positive (e.g., receiving a job offer), neutral (e.g., a merger or acquisition announcement), or negative (e.g., receiving a negative performance evaluation)