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Water Conflicts Water quality, Water availability, Water supply, Water…
Water Conflicts Water quality, Water availability, Water supply, Water poverty
Water conflicts
Occurs when demand for water overtakes the supply and stakeholders wish to use the same resource,More likely in developing countries as water is involved in their development. UN= 300 potential water conflicts in the world
Case Study - Middle East Higher demand due to population growth, increase affluence- swimming pools, and irrigated farms development = increase pressure on water supplies. Overall scarcity = poor access , declining oil reserves = decrease revenue
Conflict - Euphrates and Tigris rivers originate in Turkey, but supply Syria and Iraq water. Turkey wants a dam, as it will improve income in south-east Turkey
Conflict - 1967 - Arab states objected to Israels National Water Carrier project, and tried to destroy, in retaliation Israel bombed their attempted to divert the River Jordan from Israel
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Case Study - USA -Colorado River Colorado Basin is heavy source of irrigation water. Original water rights in 193. Treaties with Mexico signed and dams built to serve water needs of 30 million people. 1920's = Law of the river - divided water between upper state basins and lower basin states. California given high proportion of water (population & political power
Conflict - US Gov - under pressure from own politicians, to not change water allocations
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Conflict -Mexico - 90% of water received is previously used, this effects local fishermen
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Conflict Environmentalists - development of lakes, are effecting wilderness and wetland areas
Case Study- Privatisation in Bolivia US company Bechtel owned water systems in Bolivia, prices rose due to the money spent on infrastructure, the cost was passed on to consumers. Suez company picked up new contract
Conflict Riots broke out in 2000 as they were upset with the new private owned companies leading to violence and Bechtel removed
Conflict 2005 protests against high water rates, forcing Suez contract to be removed = CONSUMER REBELLION
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Conflict As profit is a motive, the poor suffer as resources go where there is high return. Results in water poverty
Technology
Bottom-Up Low economic cost, low economic benefit, low social cost and high social cost. Environmental and social benefit outweigh economic cost
NGO Water Aid
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Uganda - 'Wasiko district' Educate people on sanitation as it involves maintenance of water sources and locals are taught to construct toilets = no water contamination
Ghana - Over 5 million people without access to clean water, they provide tools and education on how to dig wells and pump water = more people attend school, less illness
Bangladesh - Negotiations with Dhaka city water to establish communal water points. Water pump on a cost recovery basis with a small fee
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Top-Down
Water Transfers- massive engineering projects that divert water from rivers with perceived surpluses to those with shortages
Source area = less water = poverty, ecosystem changes = degradation , pollution High economic cost and benefit , High social cost with limited social benefit, High environmental cost with low environmental benefit
Receiving area = more water = solves demand , development demands = tourism , agricultural = sustainability, pollution = euthropication and salination
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Sustainable Management
Restoring the Aral Sea
2007 - Kazakhstan government secured $126 million loan to spilt rier flow into 2 via a dam to bring the water back to the deserted port of Aralsk
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MEDC UK
Reducing water demand rather than increasing water supply. In the UK 22% of water is wasted via leakages
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Key Players
Government
water policy is to privatise their water (Bolivia) → increase pricing and water poverty (paying a greater percentage of their disposable income on water therefore they are in water poverty) → water quality increases as new infrastructure is built (network built so consumers can access it) e.g. new water treatment plants and water pipelines improved
TNC
privatisation in UK improves infrastructure → in UK the water infrastructure is Victorian → less efficient due to breakages in pipes/ leaks → 33% of water supply leaks out → supply decreases therefore demand increases. Consumers pay for improvement of infrastructure because TNCs pass the cost onto consumers → increased pricing and water poverty → more disconnections if cannot afford water → connection fee to reconnect (£150)
Consumer
depends on disposable income. High income earners will always have access to services (good quality water) due to affordability → low income earners left with an unreliable source, will be in water poverty, drink/ use low quality water (contaminated) from polluted rivers → impact on health → improved water-borne diseases such as typhoid and cholera (Citarum River, West Java)
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MEDC
changing population → increasing demand for water in homes → more one person households → people are getting married later (28) and cannot afford large housing - general housing shortage → government try to put in policies where more houses are built → therefore water demand will increase → showers, toilets, dishwashers (white good usage) and water efficiency policies → water meters, short flush toilets
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