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Contemporary Phonological Theories (Distinctive Features (Phonetic…
Contemporary Phonological Theories
Distinctive Features
Phonetic constituents that distinguish between two phonemes.
Distinctive features are used to demonstrate similarities and dissimilarities by using the binary system (a +/- system). For example: /k/ and /g/, /k/ is - voice and /g/ is + voice
The Chomskey-Halle distinctive feature system is in textbooks, but there are other systems that have been developed throughout the years
Distinctive feature systems developed throughout the years:
-Jakobson, 1949
-Jakobson, Fant, & Halle, 1952
-Jakobson & Halle, 1956
-Ladefoged, 1971
-Singh and Polen, 1972
Originally grew out of the phoneme concept and was further developed by members of the Prague School in the1930s. Roman Jakobson was the cofounder of the Prague School.
Advantages:
-Provide a more complete analysis
-Concentrate on the features that distinguish phonemes within a language
Disadvantages:
-Several distinctive feature therapy programs created, but the analysis procedures and clinical applicability have been difficult to use and questioned by authors
-Difficulty of analysis led to it no longer being used
Attempts to determine the specific properties of a sound that serve to signal meaning differences in a language
"A distinctive feature is any property that separates a subset of elements from a group" (Blache, 1978, p.56)
Phonology
Description of the systems and patterns of phonemes that occur in a language
Henry Sweet (1845-1912), Eduard Sievers (1850-1932), Jost Winteler (1846-1929) created the concept of speech sounds as production realities and speech sounds in their meaning-establishing ad meaning-distinguishing function as "phonemes"
Baudouin de Courtenay introduced the concept of the phoneme in 1970
N.H. Kruszewki (1881), a student of Courtenay, popularized the term in his dissertation
Nikolai S. Trubetzkoy and Roman Jakobson introduced a strictly functional phoneme concept
Non/linear
Nonlinear: Segments do not have equal weight
Nonlinear: Linear + complex features (stress, intonation, rhythm); sounds are based on level of importance, the larger the more important
Autosegmental: Proposed by John Goldsmith in 1976; proposing that changes within the boundary of a segment could be factored out and put into another "tier"
Metric phonology: Emphasizing stress and using metrical trees that reflect the syntactic structure of an utterance
Feature geometry: Have adopted the tiered representation of features used in autosegmental phonology; an attempt to explain why some features are affected by assimilation processes (know as spreading or linking of features), whereas others are affected by neurtralization or deletion processes (known as delinking)
Linear: Looks at the sequential arrangement of sound; recognizes smaller distinctive features
Natural
Natural Phonology: Theory that incorporates features of naturalness and was specifically designed to explain the development of a child's phonological system
Introduced in 1969 by David Stampe
Jakobson extended the concept of naturalness and markedness
Child's phonological system is continuously revising to the adult phonological system by means of limitation, ordering, & suppression
Phonological development is learning to suppress, or stop using, the natural processes
Widely used by SLPs
It allows the reduction of many errors into a more manageable number of "patterns" like the generative phonology theory
Generative
Based off of the underlying forms of language such as cognitive capacity, syntax, etc. that is used to represent a mental reality at the core of language use
Uses 5 features to establish and distinguish among phonemes:
Major class features
Cavity features
Manner of articulation features
Source features
Prosodic features
The first accounts of generative distinctive feature theory presented by Noam Chomsky in 1957
Generative phonology originally created to analyze the phonological systems of languages
Advantages:
-Allows for a comparison of several sound substitutions to the target phoneme
-Correctly and incorrectly realized feature across several phonemes can be examined to see if patterns exist
Disadvantages:
-Difficulty of analysis led to it being no longer used
Generative Phonology: The application of principles of generative/transformational grammar
Chomksy & Morris Halle's (1968)
The Sound Pattern of English
Noam Chomsky introduced the concept of generative grammar in 1957 in a book called
Syntactic Structures