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Protest Policing in the U.S. 1960's-1995 (Influences on the…
Protest Policing in the U.S. 1960's-1995
Two styles of protest policing
Negotiated management (utilized during 1980's-90's)
1995 Million Man March
1993 Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual March
Annual March for Life
Escalated force (utilized during 1960's-70's)
Kent State 1970
Birmingham Civil Rights campaign
Chicago DNC convention 1968
Five Dimensions of Protest Policing
Nature of Communication between Police and Protestors
Communication between police and protestors was minimal
Extensive communication between police and protestors is seen as crucial in order to successfully keep order on both sides
Communication is a necessary part of the permit application process which is used to help police negotiate time, place and manner restrictions with protest organizers.
Facilitates/ Promotes internal control of protestors by their leaders, rather than external control by police.
Extent and Manner of Arrests
Arrests quickly followed any violation of the law, or in some cases, even when no law had been broken.
Arrests are a last resort, and used only against those who have broken the law
Arrests were forceful and strategically used to target "agitators"
Arrests are done in an orderly manner, with proper documentation, and designed to avoid injuries
Police Tolerance for Community Disruption
Only familiar or "comfortable" forms of political protest were tolerated
An "acceptable level of disruption" is seen by police as an inevitable result of protestors efforts
No tolerance shown towards the Civil Rights/ Anti-war movements
No prevention of demonstrations, instead police attempt to limit the disruption they cause
Extent and Manner of Using Force
The use of force was a standard response to protests for police, escalating in the event that their instructions were not followed
Dramatic show of force by police including: Riot gear, tear gas, batons, dogs, etc.
Only the minimum necessary force is used to carry out duties, use of force is generally avoided if possible
Police concern for 1st Amendment Rights
Disregarded as "cover" for demonstrators
Ignored by police
Protections of Rights is primary goal, equal in importance to protecting lives or property
Influences on the Development of One Public Order Management System :
Supreme Court
National Park Service's permit system
Three National Commissions issued findings and recommendations
U.S. Army Military Police School's national civil disorder training program for local police
National Commissions to investigate riots and demonstrations (1967-1970)
Eisenhower Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence
Stated that protest is protected by the 1st Amendment, it should not be interfered with.
Excessive use of force is an unwise tactic for handling disorder, magnifies turmoil, doesn't diminish it
Recognized that violence in protests were the exception, not the rule. Said group protest was as "American as apple pie"
Respecting protests, being willing to negotiate, and granting permits are the best means for avoiding conflict
Broad in scope, focused mostly on policing protest in a democracy
Scranton Commission on Campus Unrest
Contained most of the findings of the previous reports
Said that in terms of protest/ unrest on college campuses, it should be dealt with firmly and justly, and deadly force is rarely required
Kerner Commission on Civil Disorder
Primarily concerned with urban rioting
Found that police actions were pivotal in initiating violence in a majority of cases
Recognized that most communities lacked the police resources to effectively handle major crowd control problems
Recommended that training for civil disorder should be an ongoing effort throughout an officer's career, subject to review and further practice
Public Order Management Systems and Their Environments
Components of Public Order Management Systems
organizations' programs for recruiting and training to enact the policies
may be highly specialized or involve all personnel in agency; must meet physical and mental criteria
actual practices of the policing personnel
depends on training and policies
public order policies of organization
variation in policies across time and departments
technology and equipment used while carrying out these practices
sophisticated communication, offense and defense technology for public order policing
civilian and military police organization
highly centralized or decentralized; vary on organizational size, resources and structure; connections with other agencies also vary
Public Order Environment
Varies temporally and geographically
Temporally
Depending on the time, may call for creation of POMS or may result in the decline of it
Geogrpahically
Larger metropolitan areas, of international and national scope may develop special units to deal with public order protests
Develop POMS based on their needs, depending on size of city and frequency of demonstrations
Political and Legal Environment
Decoupling of the police from the regime
Separation between civilian and military policing in the United States unless civilian police determine they cannot control the protest
Right to assembly in United States along with laws that make it that protesters must notify officials of protests
Development of public forum and protest law
public forum doctrine
Traditional
ex: streets, sidewalks, parks
limited/ designated
ex: airports, university meeting spaces, municipal theaters
nonpublic
ex: post office, jails
private property
ex: privately owned property
Permit system
Must obtain a permit for the demonstration
In order to obtain the permit the seeker must
identify them selves
list the date and time of the demonstration
3.how they will demonstrate
the purpose of their demonstration
the expected number of people
This allows for officials to better plan for the demonstration as well as allow for some discussion between the protesters and officials
SEADOC
Civil disturbance orientation course: SEDOC
Training for police officers on riot control tactics
SEADOC I and II
SEADOC I: Spanned from 1968- 1969
SEADOC II: Spanned from 1970- 1978
4 phases of civil disturbances
Prevention
Preparation
Control
After Action