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Vaccination (Introducing antigen to host: induce specific response against…
Vaccination
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Types
Active
- Administration of antigen
- Active production of immunity (antibodies)
Passive
- Antibody containing serum or senstised cells
Types
Inactivated
- Killed organism: Cholera, pertussis and influenza
- Toxoid: inducing Ab to toxin (diptheria and tetanus)
Subunit (most antigenic components of pathogen)
- Polysaccharide (PS), Conjugate (PS): (pneumococcal PS, meningoccal PS)
- Recombinant DNA or proteins (hep B)
Live attenuated
- Measles, mumps, rubella , polio and LAIV
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How they work
Extrafollicular and germinal center responses:
- Specific B cells activated: extrafollicular reaction
- B cells to plasma cells: low affinity
- specific B cells to follicular dendrtic cells (trigger by T helper cells) - germinal centre reaction
- GC follicular T cell signal: mass clonal proliferation IgM to IGg, IgA: affinity maturation
- end: plasma cells: survival niches (bone marrow): survive via stromal cells
Initiation of vaccine response:
- PAMP: dendritic, monocytes and neutrophils
- Lymphatic vessels + nodes
- Activation T and B lymphocytes
B cell memory response:
- GC reaction: B cells differentiate memory cells
- Migrate extrafollicular areas spleen and nodes
- resting cells until re-exposed
- Secondary antigen exposure: memory B cells readily proliferate: plasma cells: high affinity Abs
Effector Mechanisms
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CD4+
Cytokines: activation B cell, CD8+ and macs differentiation
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