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Breathing and Respiration special circumstances (Old age (Decrease…
Breathing and Respiration special circumstances
Air at altitude
% composition of air doesn't change. Partial pressures fall
PAO2 lower than in dry air because airways add water during respiration
Falling PAO2 reduces partial pressure gradient: hypoxia
Acute response:
Hypoxia: peripheral chemoreceptors
Respiratory centre medulla: increasing ventilatory drive:
O2
up,
CO2
down
activates central chemoreceptor
(monitors CO2): blunts ventilatory drive
Hypoxia: suppresses carboinhibitory centre:
HR:
up,
CO:
up,
O2:
up and
Pulmonary Perfusion
:up
Hypoxia: pulmonary constriction:
Pulmonary vascular resistance
: up
Adaptive
:
Central chemoreceptors
: ventilation rate climb address altitude induced hypoxia: decrease PaCO2: respiratory alkalosis
Kidney compensation: acid secretion and blood pH renormalisation
Alkalosis 2,3- DPG: decrease Hb's O2 affinity: curve shifts right: unloads to tissues
Acclimation
:
Hypoxia erythropoietin release kidneys:
Hb conc
: up
Blood volume
: up: 50%
Hypoxia: angioneogenesis.
Capillary density
: up
tissue perfusion
: up
Pulmonary arterial pressire
: up:
Vascular and ventricular remodelling
Diving
External hydrostatic pressure increase
Pressure rises
Compress gas alveoli
increase partial pressure gases
Decrease alveolar volume
Decompression sickness: 'The Bends'
nitrogen comes out of solution at increased depth: forms bubbles in blood vessels
Lactic acid cycle
Respiratory system in fetus
Chemical
Sensory
Mechanical
Old age
Decrease strength in respiratory muscles
Increase residual volume
Decrease chest wall compliance
Decrease vital capactiy
Decrease elastic recoil
Decrease FEV1
Obesity
Upper airway disruption
Lung volume reduction
Decrease FRC (ERV)
Decrease airway radius
V/Q mismatch: more
Difficult for blood to flow through lungs
Fear
Flight or fight: Sympathetic nervous system quick
Hormone:cortisol:slow
Adrenaline:
Heart:
increase heart rate: Beta 1
Increase contractility: Beta 1
Blood vessels:
Vasoconstriction: Alpha 1
Vasodialtion: Beta 2
Lungs
Bronchodilation: Beta 2
Uterus
Relaxtion: Beta 2
