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developmental psychology 2 (cross-cultural differences (Takahashi (1990):,…
developmental psychology 2
types of attachments
Caregiver sensitivity hypothesis (Ainsworth et al. 1974)
Attachment depends on responsiveness of the caregiver
If the relationship follows one-sided pattern, the infant tends to be more insecure (Isabella et al. 1989)
However, attachment type can be also explained with the Temperament hypothesis (Kagan 1982)
cross-cultural differences
Takahashi (1990):
60 middle-class 1 year old home-raised Japanese children observed in Strange Situation
68% securely attached, similarly to US participants
No infants classified as resistant-insecure
90% of infants became so distressed when left alone, that for them “left alone” step was stopped
conclusion
Japanese children are almost never left alone, so for them Strange Situation is more than mildly distressing
Strange Situation has a different meaning in Japanese cultural context and therefore is not a valid procedure
The conclusions cannot be generalized to all Japanese people, as the participants were all from the same background
The Efe pygmies in Zaire share child rearing duties among all the women in the group, however infants show primary attachment to one person (Tronick et al. 1992)
disruption of attachment (bowlby
Maternal deprivation hypothesis (Bowlby 1952)
Focuses on continuity of relationship between the child and mother (or maternal substitute)
Disruptive relationships (i.e., when separations are frequent) become unstable
After the age of 5, children become better able to cope with separation
Monotropy implies relationship with the mother, but it can also be maternal substitute
research on deprivation
Study on 44 juvenile thieves (Bowlby 1944)
16 “affectionless psychopaths
Most of the “psychopaths” have experienced early and prolonged separation from their mothers
However, this is only a correlational observation!
research on privation
Research on privation comes mainly from three sources:
Longitudinal studies of children in institutional care
Case studies of children raised in extreme isolation
Studies of reactive attachment disorder (mental disorder attributed to lack of early attachments)
ex of longitudinal study=Quinton et al. (1985) study on mothers raised in orphanages as children: they had difficulties as parents