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(According to the active organs of speech (Lingual (Fore-lingual (Apical…
Type of obstruction
Occlusive
Manner of the production of noise
Affricates
[tſ,ʤ]
Plosive
[p,b,t,d,k,g]
[tſ,ʤ,p,b,t,d,k,g,m,n,ŋ]
Consrtictive
[s,z,f,v,g,θ,δ,ſ,ʒ,h,w,l,r]
According to the active organs of speech
Lingual
Fore-lingual
Apical
[t,d,s,z,f,ʒ,θ,δ,dʒ,tſ,n,l]
Cacuminal [r]
medio-lingual
[j]
Back-lingual
[k,g,η]
Glottal- They are produced in glottis
[h]
Labial
Bilabial
[m,b,p,w]
Labio-dental
[v,f]
According to the work of vocal chords
Voiced (lenis)
In the articulation the air stream is weaker
[d,b,δ,z,g,ʤ,ʒ,v,n,l,m,h,j,w,η]
Voiceless (fortis)
In the articulation the air stream is strong
[t,p,θ,s,k,tſ,ſ,f]
According to the position of soft palate
Oral
[b,p,d,t,z,s,l,g,k,v,f,r,j,w,h,ʒ,θ,δ,dʒ,tſ,ŋ]
Nasal
[m,n,η]
Definition
Consonant is a sound produced with an obstruction to the air stream
Prevails in consonants
Noised/ Obstruent
Sonorants
[m,n,η,w,I,r,j]
