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Policing Protest in the United States: 1960-1995 By: Ashaye and Ada (The…

- - - - the manner or activities planned to constitute the demonstration
        
        why ?
        
        this information is important because it provides the basis on which preliminary discussion can take place between prospective protestors and the officials responsible for jurisdictions
      - the purpose of the demonstration
      - the time and date proposed
      - the number of people expected to participate
      - identify himself/herself and the group seeking the permits
- - - - developed the U.S urban riots of the summer 1967, the DOJ directed the U.S Army military police school
    - - planning by and coordination among municipal , county, state, and federal officials and agencies for civil disturbance control (in compasses the 4 phases of civil disturbances control planning and operations
        
        prevention
        
        preparation
        
        control
        
        after-s
      - Played a major role in diffusing protest policing practices
    - - reflecting the recommendations of both the Kerner Commission and the Eisenhower; emphasized that the escalated force strategy for riot control was perhaps better suited to quelling labor conflicts of the 1930
      - confrontation management a concept
        
        seeks to counter the attempts of dissident organizations to radicalize their ranks by provoking police to over react
      - designed to address contemporary types of civil disorder
      - emphasized that civil disorders could take a variety of forms, ranging from mass demonstrations through civil disobedience and other forms of mass demonstrations
      - emphasizes variations in the extent of disruption to the social and political status quo likely to result from those various forms of civil disorder
- - - - police vary considerably in size, resources, the way they are organized and the ways they are connected to other organizations
- - - - Police did not confer, let alone negotiate, with demonstration organizers before or during the demonstration.
      - The negotiated management style believe that communication
        with demonstrators is necessary if the former are to successfully protect the first amendment rights of the latter and keep disruption to an acceptable level. Applicants are informed
        of time, place, and manner restrictions and any conflicts over these restrictions are negotiated. Even civil disobedience arrests may be planned by police and demonstrators.
  - - - Arrests deemed necessary are carried out in an orderly
        manner designed to avoid injuring the demonstrators and with proper documentation. In order to promote orderly arrests, efficient booking processes, and quick releases from jail, police attempt to negotiate arrests with demonstrators before the demonstration. Police provide prearrest forms and request
        estimates of how many arrestees there will be and whether they will actively or passively resist arrest.
  - - - Police used riot control techniques such as tear gas, batons, fire hoses, electric cattle prods, riot formations, and dogs. Police frequently used force in lieu of arrests.
    - - Police attempt to avoid the need to use force by cordoning off the demonstration area, especially if counter demonstrators are present, and through prior negotiations with demonstrators.