Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

SOCIAL (A2: RESPONSE TO PEOPLE IN NEED (PILIAVIN ET AL. (1969): SUBWAY…

- - - - ● Race of victim. With both the black and white cane
        victims, the proportion of helpers of each race was
        in accord with the expected 55–45 per cent split.
        With the drunk, on the other hand, it was mainly
        members of his own race who came to his aid if a
        victim appears to be drunk rather than ill.
      - ● Effects of the model. It was not possible to
        conduct extensive analysis of responses to the
        model’s behaviour because of the high levels of
        spontaneous helping behaviour. However, from
        those occasions when the model was able to
        intervene, it was found that while the area the
        model came from (critical or adjacent) had no
        effect on passengers’ behaviour, if the model
        intervened early then he triggered more helping
        behaviour than if he intervened late.
      - ● Type of victim. The victim with the cane received
        spontaneous help (i.e. before the model acted) on
        62 of the 65 trials, and the median latency was 5
        seconds. The victim who appeared drunk received
        spontaneous help on 19 of the 38 trials, and the
        median latency was 109 seconds.
      - ● Number of witnesses. Victims were helped
        much faster when there were seven or more male
        passengers in the critical area than when there were
        only between one and three male passengers in the
        critical area.
    - - DV
      - METHOD & DESIGN
        
        Field experiment
      - IV
        
        Race of the victim
        
        Effects of the models
        
        Number of witnesses
        
        Type of victim
      - SAMPLE
        
        The participants were the passengers on the trains.
        Over the 103 trials, the observers recorded about
        4,450 men and women in the carriages where the
        emergency was staged. The mean number of people
        per carriage was 43, and the racial composition of
        a typical carriage was about 45 per cent black and
        55 per cent white.
    - - There is some tendency for same-race helping,
        especially if a victim appears to be drunk rather
        than ill.
      - Help comes quickest and in greatest numbers
        when there are more witnesses present (i.e.
        diffusion of responsibility was not observed).
      - Men are more likely to help than women.
      - The longer an emergency continues without help
        being offered, the less impact a model has on the
        helping behaviour of others, the more likely it is
        that individuals will leave the immediate area,
        and the more likely it is that observers will make
        comments in relation to their own behaviour.
      - An individual who appears to be ill is more likely
        to receive help than one who appears to be drunk.
    - - impacts of helping behaviour
  - - - DV
      - METHOD& DESIGN
        
        Field experiment
      - IV
      - SAMPLE
    - - Levine et al. conclude that overall levels of helping
        across cultures are inversely related to a country’s
        economic productivity. They also conclude that
        countries with the cultural tradition of simpatia are
        on average more helpful than countries with no such
        tradition.
    - - To see if helping of strangers varies across cultures.
      - To identify the characteristics of those communities
        in which strangers are more (or less) likely to
        be helped.
      - To see if the tendency of people within a city
        to offer non-emergency help to strangers was
        stable across different situations in which people
        needed help.
- - - - The experiment was conducted on the grounds of Yale
        University. The role of experimenter was played by a
        31-year-old high school teacher of biology; he wore a
        grey lab-coat and remained somewhat stern throughout
        the experiment. The victim was played by a 47-year-old
        accountant whom most observers found mild-mannered
        and likeable.
    - - The obtained distribution of scores deviated radically
        from the predictions, with no participants breaking off
        before the 300-volt shock level, and 26 obeying the
        orders of the experimenter to continue giving shocks up
        to the 450-volt maximum
    - - DV
      - METHOD & DESIGN
        
        Experiment having no IV, a non-naturalistic observation
      - IV
        
        N/A
      - SAMPLE
        
        The participants were 40 males between the ages of 20
        and 50, drawn from New Haven and the surrounding
        communities. They were obtained through a newspaper
        advertisement (Figure 1.1) and direct mailing. They believed
        that they were taking part in a study of memory and
        learning.
        
        Participants were paid $4.50 for their participation in
        the experiment. They were told that the payment was
        made simply for coming to the laboratory and was theirs
        to keep no matter what happened after they arrived.
    - - The conclusions reached by Milgram relate to the
        situation he created and its effects on his participants.
        First, he concluded that this is a situation that produces
        extremely strong tendencies to obey. Second, he
        concluded that the situation generates extraordinary
        tension and emotional strain.
    - - What are the conditions that foster obedient behaviour?
      - What are the conditions that foster independent behaviour?
      - why do people obey authority?
  - - - DISOBEDIENT
        
        14.1% n=21
      - WHISTLE-BLOWER
        
        9.4% n=14
      - OBIDIENT
        
        76.5% n=114
    - - DV
      - METHOD & DESIGN
        
        Experiment having no IV, 'scenario study'
      - IV
        
        N/A
      - SAMPLE
        
        The sample of participants who took part in this
        research comprised 149 undergraduate students from
        VU University in Amsterdam. Of these,
        96 were women and 53 were men, with a mean age of
        20.8 years. (There had originally been 160 participants,
        but 11 were removed because of their suspiciousness
        about the nature of the study.)
        
        Participants for the study were recruited by fl yers
        posted in the campus cafeteria at the VU University at
        Amsterdam. They received either €7 or course credit
        for taking part, and were informed before the procedure
        began about what their task was, the potential benefi ts/
        risks of participation, and that they had the right to
        withdraw at any time with no penalty. They were also
        assured of the confi dentiality of the information collected,
        and they were given a (fi rst) consent form to sign.
    - - The main conclusion that Bocchiaro et al. reach is that
        behaving in a moral manner is challenging for people,
        even when this reaction appears to observers (the people
        in their comparison group) as the simplest path to follow.
    - - who are the people who disobey or whistle-blower?
      - Do they have a personal characteristics which differ from those who obey?
      - Why do they reject social influence and follow a challenging moral path?