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Mendel and Heredity (Mendel’s Theory (Mendel's Hypotheses (There are…

- - - - Punnet squares allow direct and simple predictions to be made about the outcomes of genetic crosses.
    - - Animal breeders, horticulturists, and others involved in breeding organisms often need to know whether an organism with a dominant phenotype is heterozygous or homozygous for a trait
  - - - The total number of all possible outcomes is two- Heads or tails. The probability that a coin will land on heads is ½. The same formula can be used to predict the probability of an allele being present in a gamete.
    - - To find the probability that a combination of two independent events will occur, multiply the separate probabilities of the two events
  - - - If a trait is autosomal, it will appear in both sexes equally. If a trait is sec-linked, it is usually seen only in males. A SEX-LINKED trait is a trait whose allele is located on the X chromosome.
    - - If the trait is autosomal dominant, every individual with the trait will have a parent with the trait. If the trait is recessive, an individual with the trait can have and, two, or neither parent exhibit the trait.
    - - If individuals with autosomal traits are homozygous dominant or heterozygous, their phenotype will show the dominant characteristic. If individuals are homozygous recessive, their phenotype will show the recessive characteristic.
- - - - Incomplete Dominance: An individual displays a phenotype that is intermediate between the two parents
      - Example: When a snapdragon with red flowers is crossed with a snapdragon with white flowers, a snapdragon with pink flowers is produced.
    - - Codominance: Different from incomplete dominance because both traits are displayed.
    - - Multiple Alleles: genes with three or more alleles
    - - Because identical twins have identical genes, they often used to study environmental influences. Because identical twins are genetically identical, any differen
  - - - recessive genetic disorder
      - A condition caused by mutated allele that produces a defective form of the protein hemoglobin
      - The recessive allele that causes sickle-shaped red blood cells helps protect the cells of heterozygous individuals from the effects of malaria.
    - - a fatal recessive trait
      - Most common fatal hereditary disorder among Caucasians
      - The airways of the lungs become clogged with thick mucus, and the ducts of the liver and pancreas become blocked
    - - a condition that impairs the blood’s ability to clot
      - A sex-linked trait
      - A mutation on one of the proteins involved in blood clotting on the X Chromosome causes the form of hemophilia called hemophilia A.
    - - a genetic disorder caused by a dominant allele located on an autosome
  - - - Gene technology may soon allow scientists to correct certain recessive genetic disorders by replacing defective genes with copies of healthy ones, an approach called gene therapy.
- - - - Heredity: the passing of characters from parents to offspring
      - Started by an Austrian Monk names Gregor Johann Mendel
      - Genetics: The branch of biology that focuses on heredity
    - - Several traits of the garden pea exist in two clearly different forms.
      - The male and female reproductive parts of the garden peas are enclosed within the same flower. This allows you to easily control mating.
      - The garden pea is small, grows easily, matures quickly, and produces many offspring.