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MARXISM (MARX (CLASS SOCIETY AND EXPLOITATION (THREE SUCCESSIVE CLASS…
MARXISM
MARX
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CAPTIALISM
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CAPITALISM HAS THREE DISTINCTIVE FEATURES: 1) THE WC ARE LEGALLY FREE AND SEPARATED FROM THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION 2) THERE IS NO EQUAL EXCHANGE 3) CAPITALISM CONTINUALLY EXPANDS THE FORCES OF PRODUCTION IN ITS PURSUIT OF PROFITS
C = MARX HAS A SIMPLISITIC, ONE-DIMENSIONAL VIEW OF INEQAULITY. WEBER ARGUES THAT STATUS AND POWER DIFFERENCES CAN ALSO BE AN IMPORTANT SOURCE OF INEQUALITY, INDEPDENTLY OF CLASS
S = IT FOCUSES ON PRIVATE OWNERSHIP OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTION AND THEREFORE PROVIDES ANE PLANATION FOR THE EXTREME SOCIAL INEQUALITIES IN WEALTH, INCOME AND POWER THAT PERSIST IN SOCIETY
ALTHUSSER
APPARATUSES
IDEOLOGICAL STATE = IDEOLOGICALLY MANIPULATE THE WORKING CLASS INTO ACCEPTING CAPITALISM AS LEGITIMATE
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BASE SUPERSTRUCTURE
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ALTHOUGH THE ECONOMIC LEVEL DOMINATES IN CAPITALISM, THE POLITICAL / IDEOLOGICAL LEVEL PERFORM INDISPENSABLE FUCNTIONS
THE POLITICAL AND IDEOLOGICAL LEVEL ARE A NOT A MERE REFLECTION OF THE ECONOMIC LEVEL AND THEY CAN AFFECT WHAT HAPPENS IN THE ECONOMY
C = GOULDNER ARGUES THIS 'SCIENTIFIC' APPROACH DISCOURAGES POLITICAL ACTIVISM BECAUSE IT STRESSES THE ROLE OF STRUCTURAL FACTS THAT INDIVIDUALS CAN DO LITTLE TO AFFECT
S = CRAIB'S VIEW: ALTHUSSER OFFERS THE MOST SOPHISTICATED CONCEPTION OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE AVAILABLE IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
GRAMSCI
GRAMSCI SEES THE RULING CLASS MAINTAING ITS DOMINANCE OVER SOCIETY IN TWO WAYS: 1)COERCION 2) CONSENT
COERCION = USES ARMY, POLICE, PRISIONS AND COURTS OF THE CAPITLAIST STATE TO FORCE OTHERS TO ACCEPT ITS RULE
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HEGEMONY AND REVOLUTION
AS LONG AS SOCIETY ACCEPTS THE RC HEGEMONY, THERE WILL NOT BE A REVOLUTION, EVEN WHEN ITS ECONOMIC CONDITIONS MIGHT SEEM FAVOURABLE
HEGEMONY IS NEVER COMPLETE BECAUSE: 1) THE RULING CLASS IS A MINORITY 2) THE WC HAVE A DUAL CONSCIOUSNESS
THE RC RELY HEAVILY ON CONSENT TO MAINTAIN ITS RULE. THEY ARE ABLE TO DO SO BECAUSE THEY CONTROL INSTITUTIONS THAT PRODUCE AND SPREAD IDEAS
THERE WILL ALWAYS BE A POSSIBILITY OF RC HEGEMONY BEING UNDERMINED, PARTICULARLY AT TIMES OF ECONOMIC CRISIS - HOWEVER, THE WC CAN ONLY WIN BY PRODUCING THEIR OWN 'ORGANIC INTELLECTUALS'
C = GRAMSCI IS ACCUSED FOR OVER-EMPHASISING THE ROLE OF IDEAS AND UNDER-EMPHASISNG THE ROLE FO BOTH STATE COERCION AND ECONOMIC FACTORS