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Candide by Colin Sim (Chapters 9-12 (We hear the old woman's story we…

- - - - Voltaire is pointing out the ridiculousness in this argument and in optimism as well. He probably thinks that if this were true then everyone would steal everything if they have equal right to the possessions
  - - - Candide thinks that "'We are going to a different world,' said Candide, 'and I expect it is the one where all goes well'"(48)
        
        Voltaire disagree's with this line of thinking because in optimism it is said that God could only create one world and it was the best possible not it seems that there is another world that God created it is a flaw in the logic.
      - Cunegonde says that "'I have been so terribly unfortunate in my affairs, that I have lost almost all hope'"(48)
        
        Voltaire is making the point about optimism again that there is too much evil in the world for it to be the best world.
        
        The old women yells at the both of them for complaining too much
  - - - What Voltaire wants to get across here is that the fighting was brutal, but what they were fighting for was not worth only two women. They were fighting for the right to rape women and Voltaire wanted to point out what a terrible act it was to kill men for the purpose of raping women.
  - - - Voltaire is making the point in this passage that while he does not believe in optimism he does believe in hope and that there is a better world out there, but humans have to strive for it and not simply take the bad with the good. He thinks that there is something in humans keeps them moving forward.
      - A lot is learned in the past two chapters about the old woman she has endured many horrible situations seen many deaths and been raped many times and used as an object and treated as a slave and had one buttocks eaten off. She continues to live because she "loves life" and she does not know why, but she is a character that is showing that through pain some degree of love can be found
      - Another point of the story is to show how terrible humans can be and again disproving optimism in that there is too much evil in the world for it to be the best possible.
- - - - Voltaire is being satiric again of optimism and he does not really think that there is a good reason for the death of this many people.
  - - - Voltaire is making fun of the notion of the thought of heroes in war . Voltaire is not calling these people heroes but villains and evil. He is also point out how pointless war is.
  - - - James's philosophy is that humans are responsible for their own suffering because of Adam and Eve creating the first sin. He takes in Candide and makes him an apprentice and gives him food. This shows that James is a kind man who wants to help.
- - - - Candide is beginning to doubt optimism and said "'If this is the best of all possible worlds,' he said to himself, 'what can the rest be like?'"(37)
        
        This is showing that Candide is changing what he thinks to be true and therefore beginning to also change as a person
      - Pangloss died and he was killed for no real reason the purpose of his death was for Candide to continue to question his morals Pangloss was a man who believed in optimism, but was not too optimistic and never sought to improve the situation he was currently in
  - - - Voltaire is writing about the earthquake that make him become very opposed to optimism and he is using the sailor as a person who used the pain and suffering of others to their own advantage
    - - Voltaire is laying out a common argument people against optimism use and he shows that it requires twisted logic to refute the statements
      - Candide really wanted to help people after the earthquake which provides insight to his character.
  - - - Cunegonde was a women of status but no is sold around and forced to serve. It is clear that Cunegonde has a great deal of persistence in this time of pain and suffering.
  - - - Candide thought about saving James but Pangloss stopped him saying "that Lisbon harbour was made on purpose for this Anabaptist to drown there."(33) Voltaire was being satiric of optimism again.
- - - - In this section we learn that Candide is very naive to what Cunegonde is doing and he does builds her up in his own mind
      - We learn that Cunegonde is looking out for herself and would have probably stayed with Candide if she truly loved him.
  - - - Voltaire makes another jab at optimism with Candide's comment "Pangloss used to tell me that men are equal; and I shall marry her without hesitation."(67) In the entire novel we see that rank and status is important in society and Voltaire is making the point that optimism makes sense on paper, but not too much in practice
      - Candide says "I have already killed three men, and two of them were priests,"(67) if Candide truly thinks that all men are equal then why does the fact that they were priests matter another flaw in the optimistic logic that Voltaire is pointing out.
  - - - Voltaire is making the point of how the Europeans mistreated the native people and Voltaire is making this clear in that the Paraguayans were eating outside and had very little to eat
      - The Jesuits and not fighting for the interest of the native people, but rather fort themselves and Voltaire is again pointing out the corruption in religion and how it is being used incorrectly
  - - - Voltaire does not think that optimists believe that centaurs exists, but he is making fun of them in general and not actually mocking their philosophy
  - - - This is right after they were just about to eat them and Candide only has nice things to say about them. They just about get eaten but Candide is only filled with Optimism this again shows the ridiculous thought patterns of the optimist
      - Candide is again showing his ignorance he really has built it up in his head that this world is the best of all worlds and he will do anything to see the bright side of any morbid situation.
- - - - Voltaire holds England in very high regards he finds it not be perfect just better than other places and this is shown in this Chapter
      - Voltaire is making fun of the disciplinary techniques of the military they have no set rules yet they find it necessary to take a man's life when he did not take enough of others
  - - - Voltaire is saying in this section that doctors do not have to much value and often times do not make their patients better which was mostly true for the times blood letting is not really effective at healing diseases.
  - - - Paquette was happy and vivacious when Candide first saw her yet inside she is only feeling pain and suffering.
      - Voltaire again is protaying women never as happy and always being used by men as sexual objects and there seems to be no happiness for women
  - - - Voltaire is making the point here the pessimistic people love nothing and hate nothing it is only blah they feel nothing because they say the have been desensitised to the pain
    - - Martin says "'if hawks have always had the same character, why should you suppose that men have changed theirs?'"(96)
        
        Martin is saying here that all men are evil now so they have been evil forever and therefore created that way.
- - - - Candide wants the wealth that this land brings but he cannot enjoy it when everybody has it also he wants to buy back Cunegonde
      - Voltaire is making the point in El Dorado everything is perfect but people do not want perfection and equality they want to be above their fellow man and equal with them.
  - - - "'It would have puzzled the great man to make a good case for his theories. I wish he were here. If all goes well, it is in Eldorado,but nowhere else in the world.'"(90)
        
        Candide is saying that if optimism is true then it is only true in Eldorado and not in any other worlds
  - - - "'We never pray,' said this good and venerable man; 'we have nothing to ask of God, since He has given us everything we need. But we thank Him unceasingly'"(79)
        
        Voltaire is making the comment that people use praying for the purpose of asking for things and that nobody would ever pray if they had everything that they wanted
      - Candide says "'Do you mean to say you have no monks teaching and disputing, governing and intriguing, and having people burned if they don't subscribe to their opinions?" (80)
        
        Voltaire is making fun of the monks and how they literally kill people who do not agree with them and Voltaire thinks that this is ridiculous.
    - - "court cases, in fact were unknown. He enquired whether there were any prisons, and his guide answered no."(82)
        
        Voltaire is saying that many governments spend a great deal of money and time on prisons and courts and these resources could be allocated for greater purposes
  - - - Martin says "In short, I have seen and experienced so much, that I am forced to believe that man's origin is evil'"(92)
        
        Voltaire is making the point through Martin that the world is a bad place full of bad people and there is so much evil in the world and he is saying how can this much evil come from something perfect in God.
    - - Martin says "'God has punished a scoundrel, but the devil has drowned the rest.'"(94)
        
        Voltaire is saying that yes the person was punished but at what cost and one man's punishment lead to a great deal of other evil. Also he is speaking to war in general and that many men die for one man's purpose
  - - - Candide believes that this truly is the best possible world. The one that Pangloss was talking about.
- - - - Voltaire is making the point that even after all this time status is important he is pointing out in a ridiculous situation how petty the thought of status is when it comes to marriage or anything else
  - - - Voltaire is making the point that even if optimism is correct then man still has to make a life for himself and try to better the world and also to "to dress it and to keep it" and not only talk about our purpose on this earth, but rather to life our life for a purpose
    - - I think that the point that Voltaire is trying to make through the Old Woman is that she stopped feeling anything and even if the feeling is pain at least she knows that she is alive and has stories to tell. Pain and suffering is terrible, but it is still an experience nevertheless
  - - - Voltaire is satirising priests again because he is suggesting that, similar to another part in the novel, that the baron is involved in a homosexual relationship
    - - Pangloss is still holding on to his original views of optimism and he still thinks that this is the best possible world despite all the evil that he has seen in his life.
- - - - Again this is showing that Candide thinks that his happiness revolves around being with Cunegonde and he may be disappointed when she does not reach Candide's expectations.
    - - They are both alive by some miracle and Voltaire need the characters back in the story so he put them back it is not a story about plot so it does not really matter
  - - - This is showing that Candide has built up Cunegonde after waiting years to be with her he sees her as perfection even though she is far from it.
    - - Voltaire is making the point that all people are hungry for power and that is why the kings were dethroned either by family members or by war they all lost their kingdom
      - Also the time of Monarchs is coming to a close at this point in history and therefore capitalism is beginning to sprout up and also take over the kings.
  - - - Voltaire is saying another point about war that gods, or modern day elites, use people as pawns in their boredom and Helen, or anything slightly irritating, in justifiable reason to risk thousands of others lives
      - Pococurante is someone who once enjoyed things because others liked them or because they are regarded as epics so he felt he had to like them however he grew bored of this and decided not to like anything altogether.
    - - The Count only takes pleasure in criticism and Voltaire uses this character to show that maybe nothing in this world can bring joy because the Count has every physical thing he could ever want, yet there is still something missing