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GENDER DIFFERENCES (SUBJECT CHOICE (PEER PRESSURE (S = DEWAR FOUND THAT…

- - - - EG: WOMEN'S JOBS OFTEN INVOLVE WORK SIMILAR TO THAT PERFORMED BY HOUSEWIVES
    - - EG: IF BOYS SEE GET THE MESSAGE THAT NURSEY NURSES ARE FEMALE, THEY WILL BE LESS LIKELY TO OPT FOR A COURSE IN CHILDCARE
        
        CHILDCARE COURSES: 1% MALE, 99% FEMALE
  - - - NORMAN NOTES THAT BEFORE SCHOOL STARTS, SEX STEREOTYPING HAS ALREADY BEGUN:
        
        GIRLS PLAY WITH DOLLS
        
        BOYS ARE GIVEN CONSTRUCTION TOYS
- - - - INCREASE IN LONE PARENT FAMILIES = WOMEN TAKE ON BREADWINNER ROLE = CREATE NEW ROLE MODEL OF FINANCIALLY INDEPENDENT WOMEN = WELL PAID JOBS = GOOD QUALIFICATIONS
      - INCREASE IN THE DIVORCE RATE
        
        INCREASE IN COHABITATION
        
        INCREASE IN LONE PARENT FAMILIES
        
        SMALL FAMILIES
      - S = CHANGES HAVE HAPPENED BECAUSE OF FEMINIST MOVEMENT. HAVE CHALLENGED STEREOTYPES OF A WOMEN ROLE OF HOUSEWIFE AND MOTHER
    - - BECK AND BECK-GERNSHEIM LINK THIS TREND TO INDIVIDUALISATION, WHERE INDEPENDENCE IS MUCH MORE VALUED
      - (SHARPE): 1974 = 'LOVE, MARRIAGE, HUSBAND, CHILD, JOB, CAREER // 1990 = SAW FUTURE AS INDEPENDENT WOMAN WITH A CAREER
      - S = FULLER STUDY SHOWED EDUCATIONAL SUCESS WAS A CENTRAL PART OF THEIR IDENTITY / SAW THEMSELVES AS CREATORS OF THEIR FUTURE / INDIVIDUALISED NOTION OF SELF
  - - - MITSOS AND BROWN: DECLINE HAS LED TO 'IDENTITY CRISS FOR MEN' - LITTLE PROSPECTUS OF GETTING PROPER JOB, UNDERMINES THEIR MOTIVATION AND SELF-ESTEEM AND GIVE UP TRYING TO GET QUALIFACTIONS
      - C = MANUAL WORKING CLASS JOBS REQUIRE FEW, IF ANY QUALIFICATIONS - UNLIKELY THE DISAPPEARANCE WOULD HAVE AN IMPACT ON MOTIVATION TO OBTAIN QUALIFICATIONS
      - DECLINE IN HEAVY INDUSTRIES DUE TO THE GLOBALISATION OF THE ECONOMY, WHICH LED TO MANUFACTURING RELOCATE TO THE DEVELOPING COUNTRY
    - - POOR LITERACY SKILLS ARE LIKELY TO AFFECT BOYS' PERFORMANCE ACROSS A WIDE RANGE OF SUBJECTS.
      - DCSF: THE GENDER GAP IS MAINLY THE RESULT OF BOYS' POORER LITERACY AND LANGUAGE SKILLS:
        
        PARENTS SPEND LESS TIME READING TO THEIR SONS
        
        READING IS SEEN AS FEMININE ACTIVITY AS MOTHER DO THE READING
      - BOYS LEISURE PURSUITS DO LITTLE TO HELP DEVELOP THEIR LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION SKILLS. EG: FOOTBALL
      - PLAYING FOR SUCCESS: USES FOOTBALL AND OTHER SPORTS TO BOOST LEARNING SKILLS AND MOTIVATION AMONG BOYS
      - NATIONAL LITERACY STRATEGY: FOCUS ON IMPROVING BOYS' READING
- - - - POLICYMAKERS ARE MUCH MORE AWARE OF GENDER ISSUES AND SO THE BELIEF THAT GIRLS AND BOYS ARE ENTITLED TO THE SAME OPPORTUNITIES INFLUENCES POLICIES
      - GIST = GIRLS INTO SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
        WISE = WOMEN INTO SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
        
        ENCOURAGE GIRLS TO PURSE CAREERS IN NON-TRADITIONAL AREAS
      - S = BOALER SEES THE IMPACT ON EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES POLICIES AS KEY REASON. MANY BARRIERS HAVE BEEN REMOVED AND SCHOOL HAS BECOME MORE MERITOCRATIC
    - - WOMEN TEACHERS ARE IMPORTANT ROLE MODEL AS IT SHOWS THAT TO ACHIEVE SUCH JOB, THE INDIVIDUAL MUST UNDERTAKE AND LENGTHY AND SUCCESSFUL EDUCATION
      - INCREASE PROPORTION OF WOMEN AS TEACHES AND HEADS - ACT AS ROLE MODEL SHOWING WOMEN CAN ACHIEVE POSITIONS OF IMPORTANCE & GIVE THEM NON-TRADITIONAL GOALS TO AIM FOR
      - 22% FEMALE HEADTEACHERS (1992) / 37% FEMALE HEADTEACHERS (2012)
      - C = RADICAL FEMINISTS ARGUE THE SYSTEM STILL REMAINS PATRIARCHAL - EVEN THOIGH THERE HAS BEEN INCREASE IN FEMALE HEADTEACHERS, MALE TEACHERS ARE STILL MORE LIKELY TO GET THE POSITION
      - S = LIBERAL FEMINISTS CELEBRATE PROGRESS MADE AND BELIVE FUTHER DEVELOPMENT CAN BE MADE
  - - - FEMALE TEACHERS UNABLE TO CONTROL BOYS BEHAVIOUR // MALE TEACHERS ARE ABLE TO IMPOSE STRICT DISCIPLINE BOYS NEED TO CONCETRATE
      - C = FRANCIS FOUND TWO-THIRDS 7-8 YEAR OLD BOYS SAID THE GENDER OF TEACHERS DOES NOT MATTER
      - CULTURE OF THE PRIMARY SCHOOL HAS BECOME FEMINISED AS A RESULT OF BEING STAFFED BY FEMALE TEACHERS
      - YOUGOV = 14% OF PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS ARE MALE // 39% OF 8-11 YEAR OLD BOYS HAVE NO LESSONS WITH MALE TEACHERS // 42% OF STUDENTS SAID MALE TEACHERS WOULD MAKE THEM WORK HARDER
      - C = READ IS CRITICAL OF THE CLAIMS THE CULTURE HAS BECOME FEMINISED AND THAT ONLY MALE TEACHERS CAN EXERT THE FIRM DISCIPLINE THAT BOYS NEED TO ACHIEVE