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Social Psychology Ch 2 Science of Social Psychology (What do experimental…
Social Psychology Ch 2 Science of Social Psychology
How can research methods impact you every day?
Common sense does not hold true
Using research in your own life
How do social psychologist find the truth?
Steps in research process
Theory
: general framework for understanding a concept that allows us to describe, explain, and predict behavior
Research question
: query that is the first step in research process
peer review: experts in the field review and comment on each other's work
Hypothesis: proposed explanation that can be either supported or disproven with statistics or observations
Variables: stimuli or characteristics that can take on different values and must be capable of being falsified
Operational definition: definition that assigns one or more specific operational conditions to an event and then identifies how those conditions should be measured
Valid: measuring what they're suppose to measure
Reliable: results are consistent measurements
Sample: selection of who or what will be tested in research process
Replication: process of repeating a study to verify effects, usually with a different sample of participants
self-report measure;
naturalistic observation;
surveys;
correlations;
experimental designs
What can descriptive methods show us?
Descriptive research: research used to obtain information regarding the current status of a population or a phenomena to describe the who, what, when, where, and how questions with respect to variables or conditions in a situation
Observation
Naturalistic observation: research that involves watching behavior in a real-world setting
Self report & Survey measures
Archival studies: entails culling information from existing records ranging from magazine articles to web site analytic
Correlation-al research: 1st level of investigation; see if there is a relationship
Limitations & Advantages of correlation
Third variable
Matched sample design: 2 or more groups of people that are identical, or matching, in terms of the 3rd variable
What do experimental methods have to say?
Experimental research
External validity: extent to which results apply to general population
Internal validity: ability to infer cause and effect; variable being manipulated was the only factor to change across conditions and so was what led to the observed effect
Independent & Dependent variables
Independent variable
Dependent variable
experimental group
Control group
Random assignment
Confounds: any difference other than the level of independent variable between the experimental group and the control group
Participant bias: participants suspicions, expectations or assumptions about the study influences the results
Placebo effect
Single-blind study: two group of people aren't told whether they're given the real treatment or sugar pill
Experimenter bias: bias shown by experimenter administrator in inadvertently but subtly changing his behavior toward participants because of knowledge of which group is control and which group is experimental; also occurs when researcher subconsciously shows bias in his/her evaluation of results in effort to reach desired conclusion
Double blind study: neither experimenter nor participant knows which group pis experimental and which is control
Ethics
Deception
Debriefing
institutional review boards
informed concent
3 Basic ethical principles
beneficence: researcher do no harm by maximizing potential benefit to participant and minimizing possible harm
Autonomy: have respect for participant - use informed consent
Justice: benefits and burdens of the research be fairly distributed
Gilbert's theory - one main flow in human decision making: we underestimate our current gains and overestimate future value