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Lecture 11: Fruits and seeds (Types of Gynoecium (Apocarpous: With carpels…
Lecture 11: Fruits and seeds
Types of Gynoecium
Apocarpous
: With carpels separate
Semicarpous
: With ovaries of adjacent carpels partly fused, stigmas and styles separate
Syncarpous
: Wth stigmas, styles and ovaries completely fused
Synovarious
: With ovaries of adjacent carpels completely fused, styles and stigmas separate
Synstylovarious
: With ovaries and styles of adjacent carpels completely fused, stigmas separate
Unicarpellous
: With solitary, free carpel in gynoecium
After fertilization... ...
Ovary = Fruit (Pericarp)
Ovule = Seed
Integuments = Seed coat
Zygote = Embryo in the seed
Central cell= Endosperm
Function of fruit:
To protect the seeds during their maturation
To effectively disperse the mature seeds
Types of fruits 1
Dehiscent
: Fruits that split open and seeds are the units of dispersal
Indehiscent
: Fruits that do not split open. /in an indehiscent fruit, the fruit and seed become an integrated dispersal unit
Type of fruits 2
Simple fruit
: Derived from a single flower with a single ovary. May have one carpel or several fused carpels, but always from a single gynoecium
Aggregate fruit
: Derived from a single flower with several unfused carpels within a single gynoecium or fruits develop from many ovaries on a single flower
Multiple fruit
: Derived from several flowers (inflorescence) or many individual ovaries fused into a single structure borne on a common stalk
Parts of a fruit
Pericarp
Exocarp
Mesocarp
Endocarp
Placenta
Seed
Type of fruits 3
True fruits: Fruits are developed outside of receptacle
Accessory/ false fruit: Fruit which develops inside a receptacle
Seed Dispersal
Wind
Winged fruits and light
E.g.
Acer rubrum
fruits are winged, two-seeded samaras. They spin like helicopters as they fall from the tree, providing a longer time for dispersal by the wind
Animals
Have hooks, spines, hairs and sticky surfaces
Fleshy edible fruits with seeds adapted for surviving the digestive enzymes and some will not germinate unless they have passed through an animal's digestive tracts
Animals such as squirrels help dispersal by burying seed/ fruit for winter use
Water
Have spongy or fibrous outer coats (coconut)
Explosive dehiscence