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17th Century British Religion (Post-Restoration ('Clarendon Code',…
17th Century British Religion
Radicals
Millenialists
belief that the end of the world was nye
Fifth Monarchists, led by Colonel Thomas Harrison, based on Book of Daniel
Levellers
John Lilburne
pamphlets and petitions
The Large Petition 1647
Agreement of the People 1647
England's New Chains Discovered, February 1649
The Case of the Army Truly Stated 1647
Putney Debates 1647
March 1649, leading levellers arrested
May 1649, Leveller revolt crushed at Burford
particularly influential in rank and file of NMA
Diggers
Gerrard Winstanley
communes
Nominated Assembly 1653
Quakers
George Fox
dangerous to hierarchical society
repressed after restoration
Baptists, Anabaptists, Ranters etc.
given liberty of worship under the Protectorate provided they did not 'disturb the peace'
Catholics
James' Attitude
James I: 'As for Catholics, I will neither persecute any that will be quiet and give but an outward obedience to the law, neither will I spare to advance any of them that will by good service worthily deserve it'
Proclamation 1604 denied Pope's right to dispose of monarchies and urged for Jesuits and seminary priests to be driven from England
Ireland
majority Catholic
Catholic Rebellion, October 1641, sparked hysteria in England
22 000 Irish Catholics joined Charles' cause in England
Ulster Protestants defended by William of Orange 1690
Cromwell and Ireton crushed confederacy with 20 000 troops
Gunpowder Plot 1605
increased anti-Catholic and anti-Spanish sentiment, led James to take tougher stance against Catholics
Cecil maximised expediency by allowing to run and orchestrating dramatic revelation
made Parliament more sympathetic to James, voted subsidies
Act for the Better Discovering and Repressing of Popish Recusants 1606
strict and repressive measures, including Oath of Allegiance
not enforced with maximum ruthlessness
Court Catholicism
Howard Faction after death of Robert Cecil, influencing through Robert Carr
Henrietta Maria
married Charles in June 1625
brought French Catholic influence to court
stopped to pray for Catholics at Tyburn 1626
August 1626 Charles used armed guard to expel majority of French courtiers
Anti-Catholicism
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Reign of 'Bloody' Mary 1553-58
Popish Plot proliferated by Titus Oates, 1678
Exclusion Crisis 1678-79 (see other diagram)
Glorious Revolution
Anti-Calvinism
Synod of Dort 1618-1619
Debate between Dutch Calvinists and followers of Jacobus Arminius, who stressed Free Will over Predestination
James instructed English delegates to take anti-Arminian stand
Discussing 1610 Remonstrance signed by 45 Arminians after death of Arminius to Estates General
Arminians banished from Holland, diaspora
Richard Montagu
A New Gag for an Old Goose 1624
Apello Caesarem 1625, censured by Commons to Charles' displeasure
appointed Royal Chaplain by Charles
York House Conference 1626 to discuss his writings, Buckingham supports anti-Calvinism
Bishop 1628
William Laud
Bishop of London 1629
Archbishop of Canterbury 1633
enforced uniformity using Star Chamber to punish dissenters
conformity and liturgy stressed, divine right of kings etc.
Prynne, Burton and Bastwick sentenced by Star Chamber to £5000 fines and public pillorying
St Gregory's Case 1633, puritan congregation obliged to conform
Metropolitical Visitations imposed conformity
'Seventeen Canons of 1640' from Convocation, series of reforms including 'Etcetera Oath'
Post-Restoration
'Clarendon Code'
Five Mile Act 1665
Licensing Act 1662
Quaker Act 1662, imprisoned leading quakers
Swear loyalty to King
Conventicle Act 1664
Act of Uniformity 1662
Clergy must swear to Anglican liturgy
clergy not ordained by bishop to surrender benefices
a fifth of the clergy were forced to resign
bishops restored
see 'anti-Catholicism'
high-Anglican establishmentism associated with Cavalier Parliament and later Restoration parliaments
Charles attempts 'Declaration of Indulgence' 1672 but defeated by Parliament
Trial of the Six Bishops after James II's universal 'Declaration of Indulgence' forced to be read from the pulpit, James actively tried to subvert Anglican establishment
William of Orange: Calvinist but would have preferred greater tolerance than allowed by Parliament
Puritans 1603-29
Millenary Petition 1603
signed by 1000 clergy
removal of several ceremonial aspects e.g. cross for baptism, confirmation, wedding rings, surplices etc.
educated and disciplined clergy, more financial equality
Hampton Court Conference, January 1604
discussed Millenary Petition
resulted in King James (Authorised Version) Bible 1611
attempts to secure learned ministry
no change to church government; ambivalence & compromise
James remarked that he had 'peppered' the Puritans
Bancroft
succeeded Whitgift as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1604
Bancroft's Canons 1604, required Clergy to swear to divine right, Book of Common Prayer, Episcopacy & allegiance to 39 articles of C of E
Bancroft's Canons 1604 resulted in approximately 90 (out of over 9000) Silenced Brethren
Declaration of Sports 1618
After visiting Scotland and passing through highly-recusant Lancashire
permitted sports and some other recreational activities on Sunday
provoked strong puritan backlash over Sabbath observance
Directions to Preachers 1622 forbade sub-bishops from lecturing on contentious theological points
Europe
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Thirty Years War 1618
Treaty of London 1604 ended Anglo-Spanish War
Spanish Match 1621-24
Charles II and James II pro-French foreign policy
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685) begins persecution of Protestant Huguenots in France
Scotland
1625 Articles of Perth reinstated compulsory ceremony such as kneeling at communion
Charles only coronated in Scotland 1633
1636 New Canons removed authority of Kirk General Assembly
New Scottish Prayer Book 1637, without consulting General Assembly, leads to riot at St Giles' Cathedral
July 1637 Covenant to restore Presbyterianism in Scotland, Charles' representatives in Edinburgh forced to flee
highland clansmen largely catholic, e.g. Montrose's campaigns during the Civil War