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Chapter 41 (Organs of the Digestive System (Pancreas (trypsin and…

- - - - HCl
        
        parietal cells expel hydrogen ions while chloride ions diffuse into lumen
      - Pepsin
        
        chief cells release pepsinogen, which is converted by HCl and activated pepsin (positive feedback)
      - gastric juice denatures proteins + reveals peptide bonds, which are attacked by pepsin + breaks them into small polypeptides
  - - - where the chyme mixes w/ digestive juices from liver, pancreas, + gallbladder
    - - Microvilli
      - nutrient absorption
      - blood goes from villi to liver through hepatic portal vein
  - - - digest proteins
    - - breaks down nucleic acids
    - - digest proteins
    - - digest carbs
    - - digest lipids
  - - - emulsifies + digests lipids
      - stored in gallbladder
      - aids destruction of nonfunctional erythrocytes
  - - - ferments ingested material esp. for cellulose
    - - minor role in immunity
    - - completes reabsorption of water, leaving behind feces
    - - feces storage until release
- - - - Filter Feeding
        
        strain small organisms/food particles from surrounding medium
        
        in water, a type of suspension feeding
      - Substrate Feeding
        
        live in or on their food source
      - Fluid Feeding
        
        suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host
      - Bulk Feeding
        
        eat relatively large pieces of food
  - - - hydrolysis of food inside vacuoles
    - - breakdown of foods in compartments continuous with outside of the body
      - gastrovascular cavity
        
        the hydra
        
        uses tentacles to capture prey and shove it into gastrovascular cavity
        
        specialized gland cells secrete digestive enzymes that break down tissue of prey
        
        food particles are engulfed + digested in vacuoles
        
        remaining material spat out of mouth
      - alimentary canal (complete digestive tract)
    - - breaking food into smaller pieces
    - - breaking of bonds through addition of water (enzymatic hydrolysis)
- - - - gastrin -> production of gastric juices
      - CCK -> release of enzymes from pancreas + bile
      - Secretin -> pancreatic release of bicarbonate to neutralize chyme
      - secretin + CCK -> inhibit peristalsis + slow digestion
  - - - triggers uptake of glucose from blood, decreases blood glucose concentration
      - beta cells
    - - promotes release of glucose into blood, increasing blood glucose concentration
      - alpha cells
  - - - secreted by stomach wall when hungry
    - - produced by adipose cells
    - - secreted by small intestine after meals to counter ghrelin
- - - - coenzyme in nucleic acid + amino acid metabolism
    - - visual pigment
      - maintenance of epithelial tissues
    - - blood clotting
  - - - component of hemoglobin + electron carriers, enzyme cofactor
    - - component of thyroid hormones
    - - acid-base balance, water balance, nerve function
    - - acid-base balance, water balance, nerve function
- - - - longer cecum