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Chapter 2 (What are the five elements that all protiens contain? What is…
Chapter 2
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What is Transcription? Where does it take place? What are the processes? What type of RNA is present? - Ling
Transciption is a biological process where DNA is decoded and copied (transcribed). It takes place in the nucleus where a copy of genetic material is encoded into a strand of RNA, in particular messenger RNA (mRNA).
The steps of transcription:
- RNA polymerase (an enzyme) attaches to a promoter sequence in the upstream of DNA, unwinds the gene and exposes the bases of the template strand.
- RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand from a 3' to 5' direction. Then complementary nucleotides are joined to form an RNA chain.
- RNA polymerase moves to the downstream region , transcription stops and the mRNA molecule is released.
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What are the three main types of RNA? What is the function of each and where can they be found?SonLe
- mRNA or Messenger RNA: Carries encoded genetic information that had been transcribed from DNA in the nucleus in the form of complementary base pairs (Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine and Uracil) of the DNA template strand .
Once it reaches a ribosome the coded information will be decoded to different aminoacids to form a polypeptide.
- tRNA or Transfer RNA: Carries amino acids to ribosomes where they are used to construct proteins.It also assists in the process of translation where an anit-codon is attached to it.
- rRNA or Ribosome RNA: Work with ribosomal protein to increasing rate of reaction of amino acids into polypeptides. It contributes to the structure of the ribosome itself and contribute NO genetic information.
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What are complementary base pairs? Provide two examples and when/ why there is variences. BIANCAAAAAAAAAAA
The nucleotide bases linked by a hydrogen bond on opposite strands of DNA or double-stranded RNA. In DNA the bases are GTAC (Guanine, Thymine, Adenine and Cytosine). In RNA Thymine changes into Uracil. Adenine pairs with Thymine (or Uracil if its RNA) and Guanine pairs up with Cytosine
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What does anti-parallel mean? It is parallel but moving in opposite directions. One end is called the 3 prime and the others is called the 5 prime.
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What is the difference between a primary and secondary shape and structure and proteins? Why are they necessary? KN
A primary structure is a linear chain of amino acids whereas a secondary structure is when the chain of amino acids start to fold into different types of 3D shapes. Different proteins have difference functions and structures which is given by genetic material in the nucleus.When the secondary structure starts to form, it creates hydrogen bonds between segments. It forms into three types:
- Alpha Helix
- Beta-pleated Sheet
- Random Coiling
It is important for the primary structure to be linear because it makes it easier for the polymerase enzyme to read the sequence.
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What is a proteome? Proteome is the entire complement of protein that can be expressed by a cell, tissues or organism. Proteome may also be used to see how well the body responds to a treatment for a disease
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Put simply, what are protiens made of?
Amino Acid --> Monomer
Protein --> Polymer/Polypeptide
A protein in essence, is a long chain of Amino Acids
Proteins are made of a Amino group, Carboxyl Group and a R group.
There are 20 different types of Amino Acids in which the structure and type of Amino acid only differs due to the R group.
Hence, Amino acids are the most basic building blocks of Protein.
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When something that has 'poly' in front of it, what does it mean? Outline an example of a 'poly' in chapter 2. JLB Poly means 'multiple ' EG. polypeptides= multiple peptides
What are the three components of a monomer that make up DNA? D.S Negatively charged phosphate group, pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base: Could be G, T, A or C 
What are the correct terms for 'start' and 'stop' when replicating DNA? JLB Correct term for start is TAC start building a protein,commencing with the amino acids and correct term for stop is ACT
How many naturally occuring amino acids exhist? How many does the human body produce? How does an individual gain the rest?SonLe
There are 20 naturally occurring amino acids.
The Human body capable of producing only 11 where as the remaining 9 comes from diet/food
What happens between transcription dd \translaion?j.s
Transcription:
The is the first step in gene expression and is a genetic copying process which uses an enzyme RNA polymerase and then converts a segment of DNA to messanger RNA (occurs in nucleus). Post-transcription modification is where pre-mRNA (free flowing nitrogenous bases is changed to mRNA (nitrogenous bases combined). mRNA leaves the nucleus to go to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
Translation:
This process occurs after transcription and is a process of 'decoding' genetic instructions to convert those instructions into a polypeptide chain (protein) which is done in a ribosome .
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What is at the end of a tRNA molecule? D.S A specific amino acid(building blocks of protein) that complements the triplet codon on the mRNA
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