Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Solid Materials
http://www.newagepublishers.com/samplechapter/002212.pdf
Metals
- has nonlocalized (unbonded) electrons
- composed of one or more metallic elements and often nonmetallic elements in trace amounts
Processing:
[process attributes; Adverbs – modifies or qualifies adjective]
- melting
- sintering
- machining
- isostatic (HIP, CIP)
- high energy milling
-
melting, powder, atomization...
Structure:
[physical attributes; characteristics, defining traits or features]
- atoms arranged orderly - relatively dense
- very high specific gravity
- FCC - face centered cubic
- BCC - body centered cubic
- HCP - hexogional closed-packed
Properties:
[clarifying modifiers; adjectives – attributes to modify or describe]
good? bad?
mechanical:
- moderately high strength
- malleable, deformable, ductile
- machinable
- stiff, high dimensional stability
- strong
- resistant to fracture
-
-
-
deteriorative:
- compositional purity/recycablility
- vulnerable to corrosion
thermal:
- high/good conductivity
- moderate resistance to loss of strength with rise in temperature
Performance:
[function in context; What is the strategy ultimately trying to solve for? Conditions essential to the success of the strategy or to how the strategy evolved]
useful:
- structural application
- prevent structural failure...capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture)
-
Advanced:
- Amorphous metals (processing: quenching, high energy milling to prevent crystal formation)
- Shape memory (alloys respond in predetermined manor)
- superconductors (advanced mechanical properties)
- quasicrystals (far reaching electrical properties)
Ceramics
- compound between metallic and non-metallic elements
- ex: oxides, nitrides, carbides
Performance:
[function in context; What is the strategy ultimately trying to solve for? Conditions essential to the success of the strategy or to how the strategy evolved]
-
Structure:
[physical attributes; characteristics, defining traits or features]
- low (light) specific gravity
Processing:
[process attributes; Adverbs – modifies or qualifies adjective]
Advanced:
- single crystal
- piezoelectric
- fiberoptics
- graphite
- dielectric ceramics
Polymers
- generally organic compounds based upon carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (ex: O, N, Si)
- thermoplastic
- thermosetting
- elastomers
Performance:
[function in context; What is the strategy ultimately trying to solve for? Conditions essential to the success of the strategy or to how the strategy evolved]
-
Structure:
[physical attributes; characteristics, defining traits or features]
- large molecular structures
- chainlike (carbon base)
- low density
- low (light) specific gravity
Processing:
[process attributes; Adverbs – modifies or qualifies adjective]
- can it be processed easily and economically??
Advanced:
- fiberoptics
- shape memory
- piezoelectric
Composites
- combining 2+ materials differing in form or composition
- different parts maintain original features (do not dissolve or merge completely into one another) to enhance properties
- normally, can be physically identified and exhibited at interface (boundary) between one another (ex: fiberglass, concrete, plywood, ceramic fibers in metal or polymer matrix)
- These materials as a class of engineering material provide almost an unlimited potential for higher strength, stiffness, and corrosion resistance over the ‘pure’ material systems of metals, ceramics and
polymers
Significant efforts are going on to obtain control of nano composite
materials depend not only on the properties of their individual parents but also on their morphology and
interfacial characteristics. The lamellar class of intercalated organic/inorganic nano composites and
namely those systems that exhibit electronic properties in atleast one of the composites offers the
possibility of obtaining well ordered systems some of which may lead to unusual electrical and
mechanical properties. Polymer-based nano composites are also being developed for electronic
applications such as thin-film capacitors in integrated circuits and solid polymer electrolytes for
batteries. No doubt, the field of nano composites is of broad scientific interest with extremely
impressive technological promise.
Performance:
[function in context; What is the strategy ultimately trying to solve for? Conditions essential to the success of the strategy or to how the strategy evolved]
-
Structure:
[physical attributes; characteristics, defining traits or features]
-
Advanced:
- MEMS; microelectromechanical
- semiconductor
Advanced:
- high technology application - "device or product that operates or functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated principles"
- typically traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced
-
materials of the future:
smart/intelligent:
- senses and responds to changes in environment in pre-determined manors
- sensors
(temperature, electric and/or magnetic fields) & actuators (change shape, position, natural frequency, mechanical characteristics)
- "Four types of materials are commonly used for
actuators: shape memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetostrictive
materials, and electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids."
nano-engineered:
(complimentary with advanced scanning technologies)
- bottom-up; manipulating and moving atoms and molecules to form new structures (<100 nm; ~ 500 atom diameters)
processing:
- atomic deposition
- solgel
- SPD, severe plastic deformation
States: Solid, liquid gas....
-