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THE BODY IN MOTION CORE 2 uploaded image (How do the musculoskeletal and…

- - - - long bones - are longer than they are wide, the function as levers for example : femur, humerus, scapula
      - short bones- have a short axis and are found in small spaces such as the wrist or feet. They serve to transfer forces. for example: carpus,
      - flat bones- have a broad surface and serve as places for attachment for muscles and to protect vital organs.
      - irregular bones - protection of nervous tissue (such as the vertebrae protect the spinal cord),
    - - Synovial joints- allow for a RANGE OF MOVEMENT. These include hinge joints ( knee and elbow ) and ball and socket joints ( hip and shoulders). Synovial joints are made possible with the use of tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and synovial fluid.
      - Synovial cavity- A space where two bones meet for example include the shoulder, elbow, knee and jaw.
      - Synovial fluid - a various thick fluid that acts as lubrication to the bones. Also help clean up tissue debris from daily wear and tear from the joint.
      - Articular cartilage- covers the end of the bone, provides cushioning and reduces friction between the bones in the joint for example :
      - Joint capsule - A joint capsule is a piece of tissue that surrounds a synovial joint. Its purpose is to hold the synovial fluid of the joint in place, as well as to provide an envelope for the entire joint.
      - Fibrous capsule - A capsule of fibrous cells or tissue, as that surrounding the kidney and thyroid.
      - Synovial membrane - a specialized connective tissue that lines the inner surface of capsules of synovial joints and tendon sheath.
      - Meniscus - cartilage that grows inwards from the joint capsules to absorb shock, reduce pressure and enhance stability.
    - - Flexion- movement at the joint reduces angle between the bones.
      - Extension- movement at the joint increases the angle between the bones.
      - Abduction- the limb is moved away from the midline of the body
      - Adduction- the limb is moved towards the midline of the body
      - Circumduction - The entire limb rotates in a circular motion while the proximal end stays stationary.
      - Dorsiflexion - This movement is flexing motion
      - Inversion - An inverted movement example, the sole of your foot is moved inwards
      - Eversion - An outward movement example, sole of your foot is moved outwards.
  - - - Skeletal muscle - Is primarily attach to bones, and it moves the skeleton.
      - Cardiac muscle - ( heart muscle ) is an involuntary striated muscle that is found in the walls and of the heart.
      - Smooth muscle - located on the walls of our internal structures, such as the stomach, blood vessels and intestines.
    - - Antagonistic pairs of muscles create movement when one (the prime mover) contracts and the other (the antagonist) relaxes. For example, when doing biceps curls, the biceps are the agonists, the triceps are the antagonists .
    - - concentric - most common type of muscular contraction. muscle shortens, causing movement at the joint. examples of this are biceps contracting to lift a weight.
      - eccentric - occurs when the muscle lengthens while under tension. example of eccentric contractions the biceps muscle fibres lengthening as the weight is returned to it original position
      - isometric - occurs when the muscle fibres are activates and develop force but the length does not change. Commonly seen in attempted movements where resistance cannot be overcome. Examples are a weight- lifter trying to lift a weight that cannot be moved, or a person pushing against a wall.
  - - - plasma - Enables transportation of essential substances around the body.
      - Red blood cells ( erthyocytes) - formed in the bone marrow, enables oxygen to be carried due to the presence of a pigment called haemoglobin.
      - white blood cells ( leucocytes) - are formed in bone marrows and help to fight infection in the body.
      - Plates ( thrombocytes ) - are a clotting agent that help to report damaged blood vessels.
    - - the heart beats is a muscular pump that contracts rhythmically, provides the force to keep blood circulating throughout the body. It beats 60- 80 times per minute at rest.
      - A muscle wall divides the heart into a right and left side. each side consist of two chambers: the ATRIA, the upper, thin walled chambers that receive blood coming back to the heart, which is de-oxygenated.
      - Ventricles - are the lower thicker walled chambers that pump blood from the heart, which is oxygenated.
      - Arteries - are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart .
      - Capillaries - are the smallest blood vessels. They function to exchange oxygen and nutrients for waste.
      - Veins - carry de- oxygenated blood from the body tissue back to the right atrium. Pulmonary veins from the lungs differ in they carry oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
    - - Pulmonary circulation - is the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
      - Systemic circulation - is the flow of blood from the heart to the body tissue and back to the heart.
    - - Systolic pressure - is the highset pressure recorded when blood is forced into arteries during contraction of the left ventricle. For
      - Diastolic pressure - is the minimum or lowest pressure recorded when the heart is relaxing and filling.
      - sphygmomanoter - blood pressure is measured in mm by an inflatable cuff wrapped around your upper arm.