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Elements of speeches and essays (Organizational Structures (Chronological…
Elements of speeches and essays
Author's Purpose
the author's main reason of writing
Central Idea
The author's main, or central, point
POV
The author's overall stance on the subject; an author's point of view reflects his or her beliefs, experiences, and values.
structure
The organizational pattern the author uses to develop and present his or her ideas
Style
the author's distinct approach to writing. Stylistic elements include the author's syntax (sentence structure, length and veriety) and diction (word choice)
Rhetorical Devices
patterns of word choice, syntax, and meaning used to emphasize ideas, including parallelism, the use of similar grammatical structures to express related ideas
Tone
The author's emotional attitude toward his or her subject and audience
Address
a formal, prepared speech that is usually delivered by someone of imprtance
Lecture
a prepared, and often formal speech that informs or instructs an audience
Talk
an informal speech delivered in a conversational style
Sermon
a prepared, often formal spech intended to teach or inspire
Presentation
a prepared speech about a topic; may include visual aids
Extemporaneous Speech
a speech delivered without preparation, usually in a conversational style
Types of Essays
Expository essay
explains a topic by providing information about it or by exploring an idea related to it
Persuasive essay
attempts to convince readers to accept the writer's pov on an issue or to take a particular course of action
Reflecive essay
presents experiences that inspired the writer's thoughts or feelings about a topic
Narrative essay
tell the story of real events or experiences
Descriptive essay
provides specific details to create an impression of a person, an object, or an experience
Organizational Structures
Chronological order
presents events in the order in which they happened
Spatial order
presents details from left to right, bottom to top, near to far, and so on
List organization
presents connected details consecutively or sorts them into categories
Comparison-and-contrast organization
groups ides according to their similarities and differences
Cause-and-effect organization
shows how one event causes another
Problem-and-solution organization
identifies a problem, then presents ways to solve it
Rhetorical Devices
Repetition
the reuse of a key word, phrase, or idea
Parallel structure
is the use of similar grammatical structures to express related ideas
Restatement
the expression of the same idea in different words to strengthen a point
Rhetorical questions
inquiries that have obvious answers and that are asked for effect
Analogies
are comparisons that show similarities between things that are otherwise not alike