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Elements of Speeches and Essays ((Rhetorical Devices: Patterns of word…
Elements of Speeches and Essays
Author's Purpose: The author's main purpose for writing
Central Idea: The author's main central point
Point of View: The author's overall stance on the subject
Style: The author's distinct approach to writing Stylistic elements include syntax (sentence structure, length) and diction (word choice)
Rhetorical Devices: Patterns of word choice, syntax, and meaning used to emphasize ideas.
Repetition: The reuse of a key word, phrase, or idea
Parallel Structure: The use of similar grammatical structures to express related ideas
Restatement: The expression of the same idea in different words to strengthen a point
Rhetorical Questions:Inquiries that have obvious answers and that are asked for effect
Analogies: Comparisons that show similarities between things that are otherwise not alike
Tone: The author's emotional attitude toward his or her subject and audience
Types of Essays
Expository Essay: explains a topic by providing information about it or by exploring an idea related to it
Persuasive Essay: Attempts to convince readers to accept the writers point of view on an issue or to take a particular course of action
Reflective Essay: Presents experiences that inspired the writer's thoughts or feelings about a topic
Narrative Essay: Tells the story of real events or experiences
Descriptive Essay: Provides specific details to create an impression of a person, an object, or an experience
Types of Speeches
Address: A formal, prepared speech that is usually delivered by someone of importance
Lecture: A prepared, often formal speech that informs or instructs an audience
Talk: an informal speech delivered in a conversational style
Sermon: A prepared, often formal speech intended to teach or inspire
Presentation: A prepared speech about a topic: may include visual aids
Extemporaneous Speech: A speech delivered without preparation, usually in a conversational style
Types of Support
Facts: Can be proved to be true
Statistics/Numerical Data: Presents important information on a subject
Descriptions/Details: Tell what something looks like , and sounds like
Example/Specific Causes: Illustrate an idea
Reason/Statement: Justify or explain a belief
Expert Opinions: Statement made by people who have special knowledge of a topic
Organization of Ideas
Chronological Order: Presents events in which they happen
Spatial Order: Presents details from left to right, bottom to top, near to far
List Organization: Presents connected details consecutively or sorts them into categories
Compare and Contrast: Groups ideas according to their similarities and differences
Cause and Effect: Shows how one event causes another
Problem and Solution: Identifies a problem, then presents ways to solve it
Imagery and Figurative Language
Imagery: Vivid details that appeal to the 5 senses
Figurative Language: Writing or speech that is not intended to be taken literally
Simile: Indirect comparison that contains the word like or as
Metaphor: Describes one thing as if it were another
Personification: Assigns human characteristics to a nonhuman subject