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Cycle 4 (Chemical Bonding (Valence Electrons- Are electrons that have the…

- - - - A metalloid is any chemical element which has properties in between those of metals and nonmetals, or that has a mixture of them. There is neither a standard definition of a metalloid nor complete agreement on the elements appropriately classified as such.
        The elements that border the stair-stepped line are classified as metalloids. The metalloids, or semimetals, have properties that are somewhat of a cross between metals and nonmetals.
        Metalloids tend to be economically important because of their unique conductivity properties (they only partially conduct electricity), which make them valuable in the semiconductor and computer chip industry. The metalloids are shown in the following illustration.
    - - In the periodic table, you can see a stair-stepped line starting at Boron (B), atomic number 5, and going all the way down to Polonium (Po), atomic number 84. Except for Germanium (Ge) and Antimony (Sb), all the elements to the left of that line can be classified as metals.
        These metals have properties that you normally associate with the metals you encounter in everyday life:
        They are solid (with the exception of mercury, Hg, a liquid).
        They are shiny, good conductors of electricity and heat.
        They are ductile (they can be drawn into thin wires).
        They are malleable (they can be easily hammered into very thin sheets).
    - - Noble Gases. Rare Earth Elements. Non-metals are the elements in groups 14-16 of the periodic table. Non-metals are not able to conduct electricity or heat very well. As opposed to metals, non-metallic elements are very brittle, and cannot be rolled into wires or pounded into sheets.
        Except for the elements that border the stair-stepped line, the elements to the right of the line are classified as nonmetals (along with hydrogen). Nonmetals have properties opposite those of the metals.
        The nonmetals are brittle, not malleable or ductile, poor conductors of both heat and electricity, and tend to gain electrons in chemical reactions. Some nonmetals are liquids. These elements are shown in the following figure.
  - - - there are 18 groups
        
        alkaline earth metals.
        
        coinage metals
        
        alkali metals
        
        pnictogens
        
        halogens
        
        noble gases.
        
        Transition Metals
        
        Basic Metals
      - In the periodic table of the elements, each numbered column is a group.
      - to find the atomic number you have to
        
        The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom determines an element's atomic number.
      - Family Groups
        
        Non-metals
        
        17
        
        Metals
        
        88
        
        Metalloids
        
        8
      - Each element is represented by a symbol
- - - - Protons
      - netrons
  - - - Negative charge
      - Subtract the atomic number from the atomic mass
    - - atomic number
    - - The numbers of electrons in an atom is the same as the atomic number of the elements
- - - - Carbohydrates
      - Fats
      - Proteins
    - - Vitamins
      - Trace Elements
      - Minerals
  - - - Scurvy
      - Pellagra
      - Beri-beri
      - Xeropthaimia
      - Anaemia
    - - Weight loss
- - - - Boiling Point, Evaporation, Vaporization- Liquid to a gas
      - Freezing Point- Liquid to a solid
      - Particles are free to move in liquids, so they have no definite shape, but they have a definite volume.
    - - Condensation- Gas to a liquid
      - Pressure- Physical force exerted on or against an object by something in contact with it
      - Deposition- Gas to a solid
      - Particles in gases move in all directions and are not limited in space. As they move, they spread apart, filling all the space available, so a gas has neither a definite shape or volume.
    - - Melting Point- Solid to a liquid
      - Amorphous Solid- Any noncrystalline solid in which the atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern. Such solids include glass, plastic, and gel.
      - Sublimation- Solid to a gas
      - Crystalline Solid- a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
      - Particles in a solid are closely packed together so that they have a definite shape and volume.