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Progressive Era & WW1 (World War 1 (Outbreak of World War 1 : 4 Main…
Progressive Era & WW1
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Diplomacy/Imperialism
Big Stick, Moral, Dollar
Dollar
- William Howard Taft
- U.S. gov't to guarantee loans made in foreign countries by American businesspeople
- Failed to quell revolutions abroad
-Dollar Diplomacy: increase foreign influence via economic power
Moral
- Woodrow Wilson
Denied recognition to any Latin American gov't viewed as oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile
Only give support to nations with same moral behavior as U.S.
- Mexico Revolution
Wilson refused to recognition the Mexican government ruled by Huerta
Big Stick
- Teddy Roosevelt, POTUS
- "Speak softly but can carry a big stick"
Willingness to use force when necessary to prevent foreign crisis
- Roosevelt Corollary
U.S. will use force to protect interests in Latin America
Imperialism
Panama Canal
- U.S. agreed to buy the route for $40 million
- U.S. supported an uprising and 15 days later the U.S. signed a treaty paying Panama $10 million to lease the land
- One of the world's greatest engineering features
- Connected the Pacific to the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic
Raw Materials & New Materials
- Farms and factories could produce far more than American citizens could consume
- U.S. needs raw materials for its factories and new markets for its agricultural and manufacturing goals
Militarism
- U.S. saw the need for a global military presence
- Alfred T. Mahan - U.S. Navy urged the government officials to build up naval power
Nationalism
- Social Darwinism
Pseudo - science, inspired by evolution
Leads to belief of Anglo - Saxon racial superiority
- Americans feel duty/responsibility to spread Christianity, democracy, and "civilized" culture
Expansion
- William Seward, U.S. sec of State convinced Congress to purchase Alaska for $7.2 million from Russia, 1867
- 1887 U.S. gets permission to use Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Hawaii is annexed by U.S. July 1898
- Anti-Imperialist League
Mark Twain, Grover Cleveland, Andrew Carnege, Jane Adams
Causes of American Imperialism(key word 'empire')
- Militarism
- Need for raw materials & new materials
- Nationalism
Belief in cultural superiority
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World War 1
Outbreak of World War 1 : 4 Main Causes
- Militarism
- Secret Alliances
- Imperialism
- Nationalism
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Militarism
- Increase military power in European countries
- Everyone wants to be the strongest
- Conscription
Mandatory military service aka draft
Secret Alliances
- No UN or League of Nations at this time
Countries do not have a place to negotiate
- Leads to the formation of alliances that no one knows about
- Triple Entente
France, Britain, Russia
- Triple Alliance
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
Imperialism
- All of these strong, industrialized European countries were constantly competing for territory
France vs Germany
Russia vs Austria-Hungary
Britain vs Germany
- Imperialism + Nationality = Rivalries
Nationalism
- Countries in Europe wanted to rule territory inhabited by their people
France wants Alsace-Lorraine
Serbia wants some Austro-Hungarian Territory inhabited by Yugoslav peoples
- Some nationalists wanted independence at any cost
- Overall, people increasingly identified with their nationality
Ballcan Crisis
- "Power keg" of Europe
History of nationalist and ethnic clashes
- All of these countries want to extend their borders
- In 1908, Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina
From that point on, the Serbs tried to take back Bosnia and Herzegovina
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
- Franz Ferdinand was the heir to the Austrian Throne
- On June 28, 1914 he and his wife were visiting Sarajevo
- Shot by a member of the Serbian group called The Black Hand
The Black Hand was committed to overthrowing Austrian rule in Bosnia
WW1 Weaponry Changes How Wars are Fought
- First war fought with modern weaponry
Machine guns, planes, tanks, etc.
- Many more deaths and much more destructive battles
Trench Warfare
- New weapons caused changes in the way a battlefield looked
Instead of lining up and shooting at each other with muskets, soldiers had to take cover from machine guns
- Most battlefields were flat, barren land
This lead to the digging of trenches, holes that soldiers would take cover in
- Conditions in the trenches were abysmal
Trench foot
U.S. Entry in WW1
- Isolationism
The idea that America should try to stay isolated from the rest of the world
- Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
- Lusitania same in 1915
- 1917 mobilize against Central Power
- British blockade in North Sea
Stops supplies getting to Germany
- German U-Boat response
Sets up counter blockade
President Wilson wants neutrality but Germany continues to sink ships
- January 1917
Germany attempts to ally with Mexico
Promise Mexico SW parts of U.S. for help
- April 1917
Wilson asks congress to declare war
- Wilson directs war economy
Shift from production of consumer goods to war supplies
- Effects of war on Economy
Wages rise, prices rise
- Large scale movement of hundreds of thousands of Southern African Americans to cities in North
- Only 200,000 in military service
- Selective service Act 1917
Required men 18 to 30 to register in order to selected military service
24 million registered - 3 million called up
- After 2 1/2 years of fight the Allies were exhausted
Americans brought numbers, freshness, and enthusiasm
- U.S. Soldiers called "Dough Boys"
- Alvin C. York
Born in TN
Joins final Allied assault in Argonne
1919 awarded Medal of Honor
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