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Human cloning will never be successful in terms of long term viability.…

- - - - *Cloning takes the randomness out of sexual reproduction. Most living things on Earth get half of their DNA from their mother and half from their father, giving htm an endless number of genetic probabilities to create their own unique DNA. In cloning, DNA only comes from one organism, which takes the game of chance out of the reproduction and gives the offspring an exact copy of the original DNA
      - *The cloned egg is then allowed to mature into an early embryotic stage before it is injected back into the womb of an adult female animal for gestation. Upon birth, the newborn animal is officially known as a clone
      - Vitro fertilization- * a successful type of assisted reproductive technology, where matured eggs are retrieved from one’s ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. Then the fertilized egg or eggs are implanted in the woman’s uterus, where hopefully an embryo develops
  - - - *He used adult cells – first in mice, although it is now feasible in human cells – to make stem cells that can form a wide range of other cells, essentially turning their cellular clocks back to infancy so they could mature into different adults
      - *Because they are artificially created and can have a variety of futures, they are called induced pluripotent stem (or iPS) cells. The rise of these cells has reduced the need for embryonic stem cells–which have long caused ethical concerns for some–and iPS cells now form the basis for most of today’s stem cell research
      - *Wilmut says he thinks it would be possible to clone a human–but highly unadvisable. The cloning technique used to create Dolly has been shown not to work in primates. He believes it could be possible using other techniques but said he is vehemently opposed to the idea of cloning a person
    - - *In a 2014 study, scientists were able to clone adult stem cells, a huge breakthrough for therapeutic cloning and research
      - *It would be theoretically possible to clone humans, but, to date, there are no records of an actual fully developed human ever being cloned, Live Science reported
      - *The closest we have come to this is the 1997 cloning of our closest relative: the monkey
      - Scientists have also succeeded in creating human clone embryos from the skin cells of both infants and full grown adults. However, none of these embryos were ever allowed to mature fully
- - - - -those opposed are concerned that cloning is “playing God” and intervening with the natural process.
      - *(against) Cloning might lead to the creation of genetically engineered groups of people for specific purposes, such as warfare or slavery
      - *Cloning could result in additional defects in the human gene pool, and there are too many unknown factors that could adversely affect human clones. Despite the concerns for individual rights of a clone, there are fears that they may have a diminished sense of self
      - *religious groups put forth arguments that cloning is against God’s will, and that it will further corrupt the traditional concept and values of the family. The fear that human clones might be bred strictly as a source of organs for organ transplants is a powerful argument used to develop support against the pursuit of cloning
      - Bans on human cloning
        
        1997 Malaysia and France have banned cloning, as well as the United States under Bill Clinton
        
        *the legalities on human cloning differ around the world. In the US, human cloning is only explicitly outlawed in eight states. According to Bioethics Defense Fund, an additional four states simply prohibit state funding of human cloning and 10 states allow human embryos to be cloned but ban the embryo from being allowed to mature full term–thus outlawing reproductive cloning but not therapeutic cloning
        
        There is a clear international opposition to human cloning, as the United Nations General Assembly banned all types of human cloning in 2005, which includes both therapeutic and reproductive.
        
        Out of fear of the possible dangers that could result from human cloning, the United Nations implemented a ban on the process
        
        In 2002, President Bush pushed the United States Senate to approve legislation for a total ban on human cloning
        
        Penalties for violating the Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2001 were up to 10 years in prison, and if any “financial gain” is a result, a civil punishment of no less than $1,000,000 is possible
        
        President Bush said, “Anything less than a total ban would be unethical.”
        
        CLONING House of Representatives Bill HR1644, the Human Cloning Prohibition Act of 2001, which states, “It shall be unlawful for any person or entity, public or private, in or affecting interstate commerce:
        
        To perform or attempt to perform human cloning
        
        To participate in an attempt to perform human cloning; or
        
        To ship or receive the product of human cloning for any purpose
  - - - In addition to problems with the technology itself, there are current social problems that bode poorly for human cloning. The first of these issues is that of the cost
      - Zavos believes estimates the cost of human cloning to be at least $50,000, hopefully dropping in price to the vicinity of $20,000 to $10,000, which is the approximate cost of in vitro fertilization, although there are other estimates that range from $200,000 to $2 million.
      - "The issue there will be will we be able to afford cloned cells or will only the rich get them. No reason to think that the health system will work any differently when it comes to cloning.... I'm very worried this will become an advantage the rich will enjoy".
      - -With cost as a limiting factor, infertile couples without the means, which will probably comprise a majority of infertile couples, will not be able to benefit from this technology.
- - - - One major argument against human cloning is that a clone may feel they are less than fully human
      - However, cloning occurs in nature every day in the form of identical twins: people who are genetically identical and share exact sets of DNA.
      - Identical twins usually look very similar and generally have like quirks. Nonetheless, their minds, experiences and personalities are different, but no one considers them to be less than fully human
      - *Therefore, if identical twins are fully human, wouldn’t cloned people be as well?
      - If a clone was developed from an adult human, it would likely be more distinct from its predecessor than the majority of identical twins are from each other
      - By having different experiences than their parents and developing their own personalities, clones would become distinct individuals with the same originality and dignity as identical twins or anyone else
      - People contend that cloning is unnatural, yet naturally we pass on our genes; if cloning helps to do so, nature would then not be transgressed
      - Additionally, the cloning process is not new. * In fact, there have been many species that reproduced clonally and some still do