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Economic geography of South Africa (Secondary and Tertiary sectors …
Economic geography of South Africa
Economic Sectors
the study of where people do work to earn a living
Primary Sector
extracts natural resources
includes: basic food + raw materials
agriculture; forestry; fishing; hunting; mining + quarrying
money isn't earned
Secondary Sector
concerned with processing primary raw materials to produce manufactured goods
activities: metal working; building; construction + manufacturing of clothes, cars and canned food
Tertiary Sector
Human services; health, education, tourism, recreation, entertainment, local government, police, and the military
Physical service; banking, financial services, libraries, retailing, goods transport, public transport + garbage removal
Quaternary Sector
intellectual activities; research and information technology
includes data processing + dissemination of information
some people class consulting, environmental management + resources-conservation in this sector
Agriculture
Contribution of agriculture to the South African Economy
In 2012; 600 000 people had jobs in agriculture
Farm products provide raw materials for industry
supports further employment
about 8.5 million people are directly or indirectly dependent on agriculture for employment
total contribution to the economy in 2011 from agriculture was R50 billion
approximately 45% of our agriculture produce is exported, earning SA R45 billion
northern and eastern parts can grow tropical crops; sugar, maize, sorghum and tropical fruits
Southwestern parts; grapes, deciduous fruits and winter wheat
food security
hunger; not eating enough food
undernutrition; lack of sufficient vitamins, minerals and other micro-nutrients in food
can easily cause children to be tired, underweight, poorly develop and have irreversible brain damage
Mining
The contribution of mining to the South African Economy
9.8% contribution to the GDP in 2011
Main Manufacturing industries: transport links and service occupations - started to supply the mining industry
with such multiplier effects mining contributes about 18% to the GDP
40% South Africa's exports mineral products
just over half are unprocessed iron ore, manganese ore, uncut diamonds and coal
processed minerals are gold, steel bars, aluminium ingots and stainless-steel sheets
mines and quarries are a major source of employment
over 357000 people where employed in 2012
about six million people depend directly on mine employees
mining companies contribute over R17 billion in taxes
attracted foreign investment to SA
discovery of diamonds(1867) and gold(1886)
construction of railways from Kimberly to Port Elizabeth and Cape Town, and from the Witwatersrand to Cape Town, Port Elizabeth, Durban, Maputo and East London
Secondary and Tertiary sectors
SA is by far the leading manufacturing country in Africa
both larger than the primary sector in terms of the value of their output in SA's economy
value of their contribution to the GDP
Heavy industries: processing large masses of materials; large-scale production of materials and goods that are large in size
light industry involves workers handling small amounts of material to make articles of relatively small bulk, e.g clothes and hand tools
Raw-material-oriented industry; set up near to the source of the main raw material
Market-Oriented industry: located close to where the buyers of their products are
market wants fresh products, e.g. bread; bakeries
footloose industries; not tied to any specific location in the country or in a town, e.g. light engineering
ubiquitous industries; types of factories that are in almost every town
bridge industries: set up at break-of-bulk points where cargo is transferred from one mode of transport to another, as at a port
The Nelson Mandela metropolitan region
fourth largest manufacturing region
producing just over 5% of the national output
Motor vehicles; from1926, General motors and Ford opened motor in Uitenhage
imported from America, Britain and Germany
Leather goods: started with making shoes but now also makes car upholstery using real and simulated leather
Textiles: makes wool and cotton clothing. wool is obtained from the sheep reared in the Karoo
Location: Port Elizabeth
Water: more than adequate water for present requirements
Port Facilities: the harbour is able to receive deep-draught ships and can load and assembled cars onto ro-ro vessels for export
Equalised rail tariffs: introduced in 1996, made the costs the same throughout
Labour: large resource of working people in the Eastern Cape
The Coega Project: about 25km north of Port Elizabeth