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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM (glands (pancreas (beta cells in islets of langerhans…
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
glands
thyroid
hormone produced:
thyroxine
target cell: most
effect: increases metabolic rate
calcitonin
target cell: bones and blood
effect: balances calcium level
parathyroid
hormone produced: parathyroid hormone
target cell: bones and blood
effect: controls level of calcium and phosphorus
thymus
hormone produced: thymosins
target cell: T-cell white
effect: maturation of T-cells
adrenal cortex
hormone produced:
aldosterone
target cell: kidneys
effect: increases reabsorption of water from filtrate
cortisol
target cell: most
effect: promotes normal metabolism and repair of damaged tissues
adrenal medulla
hormone produced: adrenalin and noradrenalin
target cell: most
effect:
bring about sympathetic response
bring about the fight or flight response
adrenalin increases heart rate
noradrenalin increases blood pressure
pancreas
beta cells in islets of langerhans
hormone produced: insulin
target cell: liver
muscles
most cells
effect:
stimulate uptake of glucose
lowers blood glucose level
converts glucose to glycogen
alpha cells in islets of langerhans
hormone produced: glucagon
target cell: liver
muscles
fat storage tissues
effect:
stimulates breakdown of glycogen and fat (converts glycogen into glucose)
increases blood glucose level
gonads
testes
hormone produced: testosterone
target cell: many tissues
effect:
stimulate sperm production
growth of skeleton and muscles
secondary male sexual characteristics
ovaries
hormone produced:
oestrogen
target cell: many tissues
effect:
regulate mentrual cycle
stimulate secondary female sexual characteristics
progesterone
target cell:
uterus
effect: regulates pregnancy and menstrual cycle
mammary glands
effect: prepares for milk secretion
pituitary gland
anterior lobe
produces its own hormones
release stimulated by hypothalamus and releasing factors
FSH
LH
GH
TSH
Prolactin
ACTH
posterior lobe
does not make its own hormones
made in hypothalamus and sent to posterior lobe through axons and infundibulum
ADH
Oxytocin
pineal gland
produces melatonin, which controls sleep patterns
hormones
(ADH) Antidiuretic hormone
target organ: kidneys
effect: increases reabsorption of water from filtrate
produced: in posterior lobe of pituitary gland
Oxytocin
target organ:
uterus
effect: contractions of uterus during childbirth
mammary glands
effect: release of milk
produced: in posterior lobe of pituitary gland
(FSH) Follicle Stimulating hormone
target organ:
testes
effect: production of sperm
ovaries
effect: maturation of follicles
produced: in anterior lobe of pituitary gland
(LH) Luteinising hormone
target organ:
ovaries
effect:
ovulation
maintenance of corpus luteum
testes
effect: production of sperm
produced: anterior lobe of pituitary gland
(GH) Growth hormone
target organ: all cells
effect:
growth
protein synthesis
(TSH) Thyroid Stimulating hormone
target organ: thyroid gland
effect: secretion of thyroxin
produced: in anterior lobe of pituitary gland
(ACTH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone
target organ: adrenal cortex
effect: secretion of corticosteroid hormone
Prolactin
target organ: mammary glands
effect: milk production
produced: in the anterior lobe of pituitary gland
gland
endocrine glands
secretes hormones into extracellular surrounding fluid
hormone
may affect:
all cells of the body
target organs
organ whose activity is affected by a particular hormone
target cells
cell whose activity is affected by a particular hormone
may be:
steroids
amines
proteins
transported throughout body in the bloodstream
affects functioning of blood in some way
helps maintain homeostasis
chemical messenger produced from endocrine glands
specific
only activate specific cells with correct receptors
ductless gland
organ that secretes substances used in the body