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ENG LANG (Language Acquisition (Halliday's Language Functions…
ENG LANG
Language Acquisition
Nelson's categories of speech
Suggests that expansion coupled with re-casting improved children's ability to imitate.
Categorised the first 50 words learned by a child into categories - naming things, actions, personal, modifying things. The most common group of words being nouns, followed by words that demand or express emotion. The next largest was modifiers and lastly, personal and social words such as ‘yes’ and ‘no’.
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Chomsky & the language acquisition device (LAD)
Claims that humans have a biological predisposition to develop language
People are born with the language acquisition device (LAD)
LAD- within the brain holds the principles that are universal to all human languages.
Child’s innate ability to acquire language, to learn grammar is knows as Universal Grammar (UG)
Certain grammatical knowledge is innate, and is naturally acquired. Language is a basic instinct.
Children are born with prior knowledge of some basic fundamental rules found in the grammar of the language.
IPA
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Palate - hard - the hard part of the roof of your mouth
Palate - soft - the soft part of the roof of your mouth
Palatal - using the tongue close to the hard palate
Velar - using the back of the tongue and the soft palate
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Skinner's view of language acquisition
Skinner believed that children learn language through operant conditioning. That the child received “rewards” for using language in a functional manner.
Believed that positive reinforcement when correct utterances are spoken and such, enable a child to develop their language
Children learn by behaviourist reinforcement principles which allow them to associate correct meanings with words
Manner of Articulation
Voiced = when the vocal chords vibrate e.g. Very; vicious; this bad dog; go away, dog
Voiceless =when the vocal chords don’t vibrate when you say a word e.g. to kick a fine shopper is shocking
Stop = when there is a complete closure of the oral cavity so air cannot get through e. g pest; boast; toast; dust; curse; good
Nasal = closure of the oral cavity but air leaves through the nose e.g. never much noticed the ring
Fricative = speech organs are close enough to partially block airflow and create friction very full and thick sauce
Affricate = a complete closure followed by a release of air e.g. chop and change and joke
Lateral = a partial closure so air travels on the side of the tongue e.g. liquid, light and lovely
Approximant = speech organs come close to each other but not close enough for audible turbulence: e.g. your wild ride
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Children like reduplication - a structural repetition in a word
Deletion- refers to deleting certain parts of words. Eg. Don’ instead of Don’t
Consonant clusters - Consonant vowel combinations. E.g “gaga, baba, googoo, wawa”
Substitution:
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Critical Period- The ability to learn a native language develops within a fixed period, from birth to puberty.
The age of critical period of language acquisition states that there is a period of time at the start of a person’s life where language acquisition is most prominent and easy to obtain. As a person grows in age, language becomes harder to learn. Evidence suggests that language acquisition usually stops being malleable when the person or individual hits puberty.
Bilingualism
Consecutive – child learns one language, then another
Simultaneous – child learns both languages at the same time
Simultaneous bilinguals go through three stages in their development:
Stage 1 – lexicon consists of mixture of words (usually not translations of each other)
Stage 2 – mixing of languages in same utterances (code switching)
Stage 3 – separation into two lexicons, although grasping syntactic and morphological complexity of languages takes greater time.
On a global scale, monolingualism is the exception, not the rule.
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