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The British Empire and the Colonial Crisis 1754- 1775 (The Destruction of…

- - - - Sons of Liberty opposed the Stamp Act Organized resistance to the Stamp Act began in Boston in August 1765. Leaders Samuel Adams, Harvard graduate, an organizer with political interest . John Hancock, Harvard graduate, inheritance uncle's shipping business one of the wealthiest men in Massachusetts and Ebenezer Mackintosh,shoemaker and highly experienced street vendor.
        
        2,000-3,000 led by Mackintosh, After protesters mockingly executed hung an effigy of Oliver in a tree, paraded around town, beheaded and burn the effigy. The next day, Oliver resigned and gave a well publicized announcement.
        
        On AUGUST 26, a second crowd visited the houses of three detested customs and court officials, breaking windows and raiding wine cellars.
        
        Lieutenant governor Thomas Hutchinson chief justice of the colony''s highest court. destroying Hutchinston house.
  - - - George Grenville scrutinized the customs service monitoring the shipping trade and collected all imports and export duties.The salaries of the customs officers were four times what was collected in revenue.Bribery and smuggling, insists on attention to paperwork ad strict accounting to collect duties. The most difficult duty to enforce the Molasses Act of 1733: tax of six pence per gallon on molasses imported to British colonies from no-British sources. Buying it cheaply from French Caribbean island since French scorned rum preferring wines and brandy.
        
        Revenue Act dubbed the Sugar Act Lowered French molasses to three pence, more attractive to obey the law, and raising penalties fines for smuggling., with the intend to raise revenue.Smugglers would be prosecuted in a vice-admiralty court located in Nova Scotia, where crown judge presided.
  - - - Virtual representation,meant that Parliament had in mind the interest of all the King's subjects, no matter where they resided.
        
        Colonist willingly paid local and provincial taxed, levied by their town, country, and colonial assemblies, to fund government administrative expenses and shared necessities like local roads, schools, and poor relief.
- - - - The French sent soldiers to build a series of military forts-secure their trade routes creating a western barrier to American expansion.In 1753, the royal government of Virginia, Robert Dinwiddie, a shareholder in the Ohio Company, warned the French that they were trespassing on Virginia land.
        
        The royal Government- twenty one year old George Washington, half brother of the Ohio Company leaders. In spring 1754, Washington set out with 160 Virginians and small contingent of Mingo Indians> French Military presence in the Ohio Country. Mingo chief Tanaghrisson led a detachment of Washington's soldiers to small French encampment in the woods. 14 Frenchmen/ No Virginians wounded.Fearing retaliation Washington ordered his men throw a makeshift "Fort Necessity" Mingos also fled fearing retaliation.
        
        Retaliation arrived : six hundred French soldiers aided by one hundred Shawnne and Delaware warriors, attacked Fort Necessity, killing or wounding a third of Washington's men .
  - - - The war turnaround was the rise to power in 1757 of William Pitt, Britain's prime minister, committed massive resources to fight France and Britain world wide British troops aided by the Americans capturedForts Duquesne, Niagara, and Ticonderoga. French cities of Quebec and Montreal from 1758-1760.
        
        By 1761, war subsided in American but persisted globally, battles in Caribbean, Austria, Prussia, and India.The British captured the French sugar Islands Martinique and Guadalupe and invaded Spanish Cuba with an army of 4,000 soldiers from New York and New England. By the end of 1762, France and Spain surrendered, and the Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763.
        
        Cuba was returned to Spain and Martinique and Guadeloupe were returned to France.
        
        By 1763, Britain had doubled its national debt, which posed a challenge for the next decade of leadership in Britain.
  - - - Over decades the French mastered the art of gift exchange, textiles, hats, calumets(ceremonial pipes). Englishmen regarded calumets as trinkets.
        
        Pontiac's Rebellion named for Chief of the Ottawas. Ottawa, Potawatomi, and Huron warriors attacked Fort Detroit. Settlements were raided by tribes from western New York, the Ohio Valley and the Great Lakes region.Capturing every fort west of Detroit.1763 Paxton Boys, 50 Pennsylvania vigilantes murdered 20 Conestoga Indians. . . later this number turned to 500 vigilantes marched Philadelphia to capture and murder Christian Indians, but British troops prevented this although they escaped punishment for the murderous attack on the Conestoga Village
        
        In early 1764, the uprising faded. The British government blamed general Amherst for the conflict mishandling and celebrated his departure. Thomas Gage, took command and started gifting profusely among the Indians.
        
        The British government issued the Proclamation of 1763. to minimize violence,forbidding colonist to settle west of the Appalachian Mountains in order to protect Indian territory. not taking care to identify western land as belonging to the Indians- lands that "are reserved to [Indians], as their Hunting Grounds."
        
        William Johnson the superintendent of northern Indian affairs advised in 1764, "Treat each nation separately".
  - - - Albany in June and July 1754. All 6 tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy attended. Twenty-four delegates from seven colonies. An unprecedented pan-colony gathering. The elderly Mohawk chief Hendrick . "British neglect would reorient Indian trade relations to the French., urging the assembled colonist to prepare for defense against the French."
        
        Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and Thomas Hutchinson of Massachusetts, coauthored the Albany Plan of Union.a proposal for a unified but limited government to exercise sole authority over questions of war, peace trade with the Indians. Power of Taxation
        
        The British Government never backed the Albany Plan; instead appointed two superintendents of Indian affairs,one for the northern and another for the southern colonies, each with exclusive powers to negotiate treaties, trade, and land sales with all tribes.
- - - - Military Occupation and "Massacre" in Boston