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Evolution of Populations (Evolutionary Theory (Lamarck (Evolution by…
Evolution of Populations
Evidence of Evolution
Fossils
Extinct Forms
Transitional Forms
Homologies
Embryonic Structures
Molecular Sequences (DNA/protein)
Anatomical Structures
Vestigial Structures
Evolutionary Theory
Lamarck
Evolution by inheritance of traits acquired through use and disuse
Darwin
Evolution by natural selection for traits that confer higher fitness
Aristotle
Species are fixed and unchanging
Mechanisms of Evolution
Natural Selection
Conditions
Limited resources leads to competition
Variation in traits exist within the population
Traits that confer higher fitness allow some organisms to reproduce more successfully
Variation is heritable because of underlying genetic basis
Patterns
Complex structures from simple structures in gradual stages
Modified body plans from small changes in homeotic genes
Paradigms
Adaptation of old trait for new function (exaptation)
Correlated change in one trait due to selection for another (allometry)
New adaptation
Development of one alternative trait instead of another due to chance (contingency)
Outcomes
Stabilizing Selection
Disruptive Selection
Directional Selection
Gene Flow (migration)
Genetic Drift (sampling error in small populations)
Bottleneck Effect
Founder Effect
Analysis of Gene Pools
Sources of Genetic Variation
Mutations (produces new alleles)
Sexual reproduction
(produces new combinations of existing alleles)
Crossing Over
Random Fertilization
Independent Assortment
Hardy-Weinberg
Equation
p + q = 1
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
recessive phenotype (q^2)
homozygous dominant genotype (p^2)
dominant phenotype (p^2 + 2pq)
homozygous recessive genotype (q^2)
recessive allele (q)
heterozygous genotype (2pq)
dominant allele (p)
Equilibrium
No mutation
No migration
Random Mating
No natural selection
Large population