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Lesson 8 (Definitions (Risk – endangerment; vulnerability to negative…
Lesson 8
Definitions
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Classism – the differential treatment of people because of their class background and the reinforcing of those differences through values and practices of societal institutions.
Learned helplessness – the perception, acquired through negative experiences, that effort has no effect on outcomes.
Zone of proximal development (ZPD) – Vygotsky’s term for the space between what a learner can do independently and what he or she can do while participating with more capable others.
Alcoholism – a chronic, progressive, and potentially fatal disease characterized by excessive tolerance for alcohol and by physical dependence and or pathological organ changes.
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Accountability – making schools and teachers responsible for students learning or achievement outcomes.
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Authentic assessment – evaluation based on real performance rather than test performance, showing master of a task
Standardized test – tests in which an individual is compared to a norm of scientifically selected items.
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Goal structures
Competitive – goal structure students working against each other to achieve goals that only have a few students can attain.
Individualized – goal structure one student’s achievement of the goal is unrelated to other students achievement of that goal.
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