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How do we see our world (Vision and perception (Perception-The way the…
How do we see our world
Vision and perception
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Retina-The light sensitive layer at the back of the eye. It is made up of the visual image detected by the brain.
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Optic nerve-Bundle of nerves that leads out from the retina to the back of the eye. It carries information from the rods and cones to the back of the eye.
Blind spot-The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves. Its has no rods or cones so cannot detect light.
Optic chiasma- The cross-shape where some of the information from the left and right eye cross over to pass into the opposite side of the brain.
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Vision and perception are different-vision is the biological process of seeing and perception is the psychological process of making sense of the image.
The light reflected from an object enters the eye and makes an image on the retina. It is here that nerve cells called rods and cones help us to perceive objects.
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The blind spot is found in each eye. It is the area in the retina where there is no space for rods and cones therefore the area is 'blind' as there is no light sensitive cells. We often don't notice our blind spot because out two blind spots don't overlap so if one eye cant see something, the other one can.
The optic chiasma is needed because information from each eye goes to both sides of the brain; some from the left eye goes to the left side of the brain and some goes to the right.
The visual cortex allows us to understand shapes and distance and fills in the gap left by the blind spot in each eye.
Depth cues
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Monocular depth cues- Information about distance that come from one ye, such as superimposition ect.
Binocular depth cues- Information about distance that needs two eyes, such as stereopsis.
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Height in the plane- Objects closer to the horizon are perceived to be more distant than one below or above the horizon.
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Stereopsis- A binocular depth cue. The greater the difference between the view seen by the left eye and the right eye, the closer the viewer is looking.
Gestalt laws
Figure-ground- A small, complex, symmetrical object (the figure) is seen as separate from a background.
Similarity- Figures sharing shape, size or colour are grouped together with other things that look the same.
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Continuity- Straight lines, curves and shapes are perceived to carry on being the same.
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Illusiosn
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Fiction- An illusion caused when a figure is perceived even though it is not present in the stimulus.
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Motion after-effect- An illusion caused by paying more attention to movement in one direction and perceiving movement in the opposite direction immediately afterwards.
Colour after-effects- An illusion caused by focusing on a coloured stimulus and perceiving opposite colours immediately afterward.
Ambiguous figure- A stimulus with two possible interpretations, in which it is possible to perceive only one of the alternatives at a time.
Distortion illusion- Where our perception is deceived by some aspects of the stimulus. This can affect the shape or size of an objects.
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Schemas and perception
Schema- A framework of knowledge about an object, event or group of people that can affect our perception and help us to organise information and recall what we have seen.
Perceptual set- The tendency to notice more thing than others. This is caused by experimental context or expectations.
Independent variable- The factor which is changed by the researcher an experiment to make two or more conditions.
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Case studies
Palmer (1975) Aim- wanted to find out whether context would effect our perception. Procedure- He used a laboratory experiment and showed participants visual screens such as one in a kitchen. He tested to see if participants remembered objects which went with the scene were easier to remember. strength- controlled how long the pictures where up, weakness- Participants were told the aim and not a large enough sample as they only used two participants.
Bartlett (1932) Aim- Wanted to investigate how information changes with each reproduction and find out why the information changes. Procedure- Chose war of the ghost stories and asked participants to repeat the story to the next participant after 15 minutes. Strengths- Both serial and reproduction followed the same pattern, Weaknesses- Bartlett asked participants and different times and therefore cannot be compared fairly.
Serial reproduction- A task where a piece of information is passed from one participant to the next in a chain or 'series'. Differences between each version are meassured.
Repeated reproduction- A task where the participant is given a story or picture to remember. They then recall it several times and time delays. Differences between each version are measured.
Carmichael (1932) Aim- Wanted to find out whether words shown with pictures would affect the way the pictures were remembered. Procedure- He used a laboratory experiment in which 95 participants where shown 13 pictures. The participants were then asked to draw the picture they had just seen. Conclusion- Memory for pictures is reconstructed and the verbal context in which the drawings are learned effects the recall because the memory of the world alters the way the picture is represented. Strengths- Findings produced from a large sample, Weaknesses- In real life things are not generally ambiguous as the stimulus figures shown.
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