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Chemical Bonding (metal-nonmetal (:black_flag:Ionic Bonding (:keycap_star…

- - - - High electrical conductivity in molten or liquid state
        
        :ballot_box_with_check:Electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions
        
        :ok_hand:Ionic Compound
        
        :ballot_box_with_check:Electrons are transferred from one atom to another to form ions with complete outer shells of electrons
        
        the positive and negative ions are attracted to each other by strong electrostatic forces and build up into a strong lattice
        
        high melting points as considerable energy is required to overcome these forces of attraction
        
        Under normal conditions, they are usually solids with lattice structure
        
        Polyatomic Ions
        
        Ammonium NH4+
        
        CarbonateCO32-
        
        Nitrate NO3-
        
        Nitrite NO2-
        
        Sulphate SO42-
        
        Hydrogen Carbonate HCO3-
        
        Phosphate PO43-
        
        Cations form by metals losing valence electrons #
        
        Anions form by non-metals gaining electrons
        
        Number of electrons lost/gained is determined by the electron configuration of the atom
      - Low volatility
      - High melting/boiling point
      - Low viscosity
      - High solubility in polar solvent
      - Usually brittle
      - Non-directional
- - - - :stars:Properties
        
        Conduct heat and electricity
        
        Electrons ar efree to move from one side of the lattice to the other, so they can carry an electric current :thunder_cloud_and_rain:
        
        Shiny
        
        Ductile
        
        Malleable
        
        The layers of positive ions can slide past each other without breaking any bonds
        
        Transfer heat
        
        High melting/boiling point
        
        Non-directional
      - :angel::skin-tone-3:Strength
        
        charge of the ions
        
        radius of the metal ion
        
        Down a group = size increases = weaker
        
        Number of electrons lost in the sea
      - :fire:Alloys
        
        :heavy_check_mark:Mixture of metals + contain more than one metal and have enhanced properties
        
        lower melting points than their component metals
        
        Less ductile and malleable than pure metals
        
        Ex) brass = copper + zinc
      - Ex) Zn2+
- - - - :star2:Properties
        
        High volatility
        
        Low melting/boiling point
        
        No electrical conductivity
        
        Viscosity depends on the intermolecular force
        
        High intermolecular force = high viscosity
        
        Low solubility in polar solvents (e.g. water)
        
        Directional
    - - :smiley:Allotropes of Carbon
        
        Diamond Similar
        
        :eight_pointed_black_star:Properties
        
        Hardest substance known natural substance
        
        No electrical conductivity
        
        High melting point
        
        Efficient thermal conductor
        
        Highly transparent, lustrous crystal
        
        Brittle
        
        :check:Covalently bonded to 4 other C atoms in a giant tetrahedral arrangement
        
        Uses
        
        Jewellery and ornaments
        
        Machinery for grinding and cutting
        
        Drills
        
        Graphite
        
        :star2:Properties
        
        Electrical conductivity in solid
        
        Soft and slippery
        
        High melting point
        
        Most stable allotrope of carbon
        
        :check:Each C atom is covalently bonded to 3 others to make a layer structure
        
        Held together by delocalized electrons
        
        Uses
        
        Pencils
        
        Electrode rods in electrolysis
        
        Conductor
        
        Fullerene C60 ("Bucky Balls") Similar Similar
        
        Spherical molecule composed of 60 C atoms
        
        :check:Each C atom is covalently bonded to 3 other C atoms
        
        Uses
        
        Industrial devices for binding specific target molecules
        
        Nanotubes
        
        :star:Properties
        
        Very light and strong
        
        Low melting point
        
        Low thermal conductivity
        
        Graphene
        
        :stars:Properties
        
        Good electrical conductivity
        
        100 times stronger than steel
        
        Nearly transparent
        
        High melting point
        
        Best thermal conductivity
        
        Uses
        
        Touch screens
        
        High performance electronic devices
        
        TEM
        
        :check:Each C atom is covalently bonded to 3 others, as in graphite, forming hexagons with bond angles of 120˚ in single layers
        
        :check:Different forms of an element in the same physical state
        
        More information on Carbon Allotropes
      - Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
        
        :star:Properties
        
        Very hard
        
        High melting point
        
        :check:Each silicon atom is covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms and each oxygen atom to two silicon atoms
        
        "Oxygen atoms are forming bridges between the tetrahedrally bonded carbon atoms"
    - - High electronegativity
        
        :check:A relative measure of the attraction that an atom has for a shared pair of electrons when it is covalently bonded to another atom
      - Results from the difference in electronegativities #
    - - Both electrons are donated by one of the two atoms
      - Ex) Carbon Monoxide CO
    - - Length: Single > Double > Triple
      - Strength: Single < Double < Triple
      - Bond length decreases and bond strength increases as the number of shared electrons increases # #
      - Bond Pairs Related
        
        Single Bond
        
        Double Bond
        
        Triple Bond
    - - Show all the valence electrons in a covalently bonded species
      - Octet Rule: tendency of atoms to gain a valence shell with a total of 8 electrons
      - Exceptions: Some atoms like Be and B might form stable compounds with incomplete octets of electrons
      - Resonance structures occur when there is more than one possible position for a double bond in a molecule
      - Shapes of species are determined by the repulsion of electron pairs according to VSEPR theory
    - - London Dispersion Forces
      - Dipole-Dipole
      - Hydrogen Bonds
      - Strength: H-Bond > D-D > LDF
    - - electron pairs (lone and bond pairs) repel each other
      - Lone pairs repel more than bond pair
      - Negative electron pairs will repel each other so that each is as far apart from the other electron pairs as possible
      - Types of Shape + Bond Angles
        
        2 Electron Regions
        
        Linear 180˚
        
        3 Electron Regions
        
        Trigonal Planar 120˚
        
        Bent 120˚
        
        4 Electron Regions
        
        Tetrahedral 109.5˚
        
        Trigonal Pyramid 107˚
        
        Bent 104˚