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Henry VII Foreign Policy (Scotland (Alliance with France (Auld Alliance)=…

- - - - 3 year truce signed in 1486, relations more secure with assassination for James III
      - Northern border regular area of conflict - Edward IV had seized border towns of Berwick and Dunbar which increased possibility of hostility
    - - Henry maintained contacts at the Scottish court with the Scottish nobility, led by the Earl of Angus and Henry gave shelter to Scottish nobles who had been outsed from power. In 1492 aided the successful attempts to overthrow the anti-English regents.
      - Coup brought Earl of Angus back to power and signing of 9 year truce in 1493
      - Scotland supported Warbeck in September 1496, marriage to James IV's cousin
      - James fearful of English invasion, did not use Cornish rising as opportunity and Treaty of Ayton signed in 1497, became full treaty in 1499 when Warbeck executed - first since 1328, reinforced by marriage of Margaret to James IV in August 1503, did not abandon Auld Alliance and border raids continued
- - - - Treaty of Etaples 1492 - Charles give no aid to English rebels, particularly Warbeck (dynastic), pay the arrears of the Treaty of Picquigny and pay most of Henry's expenses in Brittany
      - Tried to create an anti-Ferdinand alliance in 1508 with England, France and the Netherlands through the League of Cambrai however Louis XII decided not to join and then reached agreement over Italy.
      - 1496 Henry invited to join the Holy League, Anti-French alliance aiming to drive France out of Italy. Henry managed to preserve his improved relations with France without losing friendship with the League by negotiating a trade deal with France
      - Attempted alliance with France and Netherlands against Ferdinand in 1508. However didn't work as Louis XII King of France dropped out for fear of antagonising Ferdinand. Louis then made alliance with Ferdinand- 1508 League of Cambrai, excluded England.
    - - Etaples gave Henry an annual
        pension of £5000 - 5% of royal income
    - - Supported Henry's seizure of the throne, 1 year truce in 1485, extended to 1489
      - Henry invaded France in 1492, claimed to be asserting his right to the French throne. Henry had raised money during the Breton crisis for a war with France, he would lose credibility if it was not fought. Henry deliberately invaded near the end of the campaigning season so that the war would be short.
- - - - The other countries were more distracted with Italian affairs and claiming land there when England invaded France which meant the favourable Treaty of Etaples was signed
    - - Venice imposed heavy duties on English ships, so Henry retaliated by imposing heavy duties on Venetian ships. Henry also approached Florence as an alternative trading partner, and established an English staple (market) for cloth at Pisa and limited English sale of wool in Venice. In response Venice dropped the duty on English ships, and this favourable position remained because Venice became involved with the Italian Wars.
- - - - Ferdinand of Aragon concerned Henry would support France as excluded from League of Venice in 1495, so invited to join the Holy League in 1496. Indicates England's position in Europe was changing, would rather have neutral England than one allied to France.
      - Spain gave little help to England in trying to regain Normandy and Aquitaine despite Medina del Campo and Spain being able to regain its border lands by 1493
    - - Tried to strengthen trade and dynastic links, made easier as both had a common enemy in France which allowed England and Spain to ignore their commercial rivalry
      - Treaty of Medina del Campo , allowed export of goods from Spain in foreign ships= income from customs revenue rose from £33,000 in 1485 to £40,000 in 1509
      - Gained £40,000 from Catherine's dowry in the Treaty of Medina del Campo
      - Navigation Acts 1485-86 - aiming to limit English trade being carried in foreign ships, however Spain retaliated and forbade the export of goods from Spain in foreign ships if Spanish ships were available - Treaty of Medina del Campo ended these restrictions
      - Spain did not allowed England access to trade in the New World
    - - 1488 Henry suggested marriage between Arthur and Catherine of Aragon - proposal significant as if it was agreed would give Henry recognition from a major European power and signify Spain thought his position on the throne secure
      - March 1489 Treaty of Medina del Campo - most significant foreign policy achievement for Henry. Agreed Arthur and Catherine would marry, Spain would not help English rebels, trade agreements and if either country at war with France the other would intervene.
      - Final marriage agreement not made until 1496 and Catherine did not arrive in England, with half of her dowry, until 1501. Delay due to Henry's insecure position and problem of Warbeck. Importance of marriage shown by Henry's suggestion that Catherine marry Henry when Arthur died.
- - - - 1487 Maximilian renewed
        Edward IV's treaty for 1 year
- - - - Important cloth trade with Antwerp, Henry wanted to expand but England's share remained same throughout his reign.
      - Trade embargo with Burgundy between 1493 and 1496 when Margaret of burgundy gave support to Perkin Warbeck
      - Magnus Intercursus 1496 ended trade embargo, allowed English merchants to sell goods anywhere in Phillip's land (except Flanders) without paying tolls or customs
      - Attempted Malus Intercursus 1506 but to favourable to England so Magnus restored in 1507
      - Revoked Magnus Intercursus in 1508 to speed up the prospect of marrying his daughter Mary to Charles of Ghent and wine Burgundian support despite not being in English trade interests as favourable treaty
    - - Philip of Burgundy was sheltering the Earl of Suffolk, Henry unsure who to support as marriage with Catherine of Aragon, less power if Philip takes Castile
      - Philip driven onto the English coast due to bad weather, persuaded to sign a treaty - the Earl of Suffolk handed over to England and Prince Henry would marry Philip's sister
- - - - Treaty of Redon, Henry to send 6000 men to Brittany to help them defend themselves against France. Henry did not want France to have control of the channel coast.
      - 1491 Brittany accepted defeat and Anne of Brittany married to Charles VIII of France. Henry had gone to war to protect Brittany and failed.
    - - Secured commercial treaty in 1486, link from years in exile
- - - - Henry tried to limit privileges through Navigation Acts but little impact
      - Tried to get English merchants direct access to northern trade, signing treaties with Denmark and Norway in 1489 and 1490
      - Tried with Riga in 1499 but they rejoined the League and the treaty collapsed
      - Henry forced into a settlement in 1504 which restored the favourable position of the Hanseatic League
    - - Henry forced to restore their favourable trade position in 1504 as he was concerned they might give support to the Yorkist Earl of Suffolk in the same way they had supported Edward IV - trade secondary to dynastic security