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UNIT 3: RESEARCH INTO PSYCHOLOGY (ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS (RIGHT TO…
UNIT 3: RESEARCH INTO PSYCHOLOGY
HYPOTHESES
HYPOTHESIS: A prediction about what will happen in the research
ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS: A statement which predicts a difference or correlation in results
NULL HYPOTHESIS: A statement which predicts no difference or correlation in results
VARIABLES
VARIABLE: Anything that is open to change
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE (IV): Something that the researcher changes or manipulates to see its effect on the DV
DEPENDENT VARIABLE (DV): The variable that is measured
EXTRANEOUS VARIABLE (EV): A variable (not the IV) which could affect the DV if it is not controlled/ standardised (e.g. weather, noise, mood of participant)
STANDARDISATION: A way of ensuring all EVs are the same in each condition so that the difference in DV is caused by the IV, not anything else.
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
INDEPENDENT GROUPS DESIGN:
ADVANTAGES: No order effects
DISADVANTAGES: Individual differences which could affect the results; Harder to do as it requires more participants
REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN: Where all the participants take part in each condition
ADVANTAGES: Quicker and easier to do; cuts out individual differences
DISADVANTAGES: Order/ Mastery/ Boredom effects (participants could preform better / worse the next time around)
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: A way of allocating participants to conditions in an experiment
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
RANDOM SAMPLING: Where every individual in the population has an equal chance at getting selected.
ADVANTAGES: No experimenter bias in who is chosen
DISADVANTAGES: Not always practical; Possible to get freak results
OPPORTUNITY SAMPLING: Selecting people who are convenient and willing to take part
ADVANTAGES: Quick and easy to do
DISADVANTAGES: Generally unrepresentative
ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
RIGHT TO WITHDRAW: When participants are allowed to stop participating in a study
INFORMED CONSENT: When the participants agree to take part in the study, and know what it is about
ETHICS: Making sure the participants are not harmed or upset by the research
CONFIDENTIALITY: Participant's names and identities are kept anomynous
PROTECTION OF PARTICIPANTS: Participant comes under no physical, psychological or emotional harm
ANALYSING RESEARCH
QUALITITATVE DATA: Data in the form of words or images
QUANTITATIVE DATA: Data in the form of numbers
DESCRIPTIVE DATA: Any data that summarises patterns
TYPES OF STUDIES
LONGITUDINAL STUDY: A study carried out over a long period of time
CORRELATION STUDY: A study to see if there is an association between two sets of data
CASE STUDY: An in-depth analysis of one person or group
CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY: Comparing groups of participants of different ages to see the effect of age on the DV.