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Icthyology Exam #1 (Locomotion (Rowing: pectoral fins, Body flexion/pivot:…

- - - - Apomorphies (recently derived or advanced characters)
      - Pleisomorphies (Ancestral or general characters)
    - - Taxonomy based on measured differences or similarities. (start with OTU [operational taxonomic unit]) Numerical Techniques
      - Standard Length (measured from the tip of the snout to posterior end of the last vertebra or the posterior end of the midlateral portion of the hypural plate)
    - - Emphasize time and differentiation since groups divided (use Phylogram) Shows evolutionary time and amount of change.
  - - - Measurable structures: fin lengths, head length, eye diameter, ratios, Allometry, can use statistical techniques to differentiate, and not as easily repeatable.
        
        Allometry: lengths of body parts change at different rates with growth
    - - Repeated counted characters: fin rays, vertebrae number, scales, gillrakers, cephalic pores.
    - - Skeleton and soft anatomy: viscera, muscles, blood vessels
    - - color, photopores, sexually dimorphic, behavioral, physiological, cytological, and molecular techniques
    - - Use Nuclear or Mitochondrial DNA to differentiate between species & Barcoding
      - can have Introgression- Movement of a gene from one species to another through hybrid crossing
- - - - Elasmobranch: Olfactory development, relative position of bones different, firm biting or flexible sucking, many types of teeth
      - Bony fish: Optic Development, relative position of bones different, Jaw in bony fishes, many types of teeth
- - - - Holocephali (Ratfish Chimeras) 30 species
      - Elasmobranchi (Sharks, Rays) 800 species
    - - Sarcopterygii (Fleshy or Lobed fins)
        
        Coelacanthinformes (Coelacanth) 1 species
        
        Dipnoi (Lungfish) 6 species
      - Actinopterygii (Ray Finned)
        
        Chondrostei (Sturgeons, Paddlefish, Bichirs) 36 species
        
        Neopterygii (New Fins
        
        Lepisosteiformes (Gars)
        
        Amiiformes (Bowfin)
        
        Teleosti (Perfect Bone) 28,000 species Middle-Late Innasic 200 mya