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Introduction to Microbiology (Fields of study in microbiology (MYCOLOGY…
Introduction to Microbiology
Definition
The study of living things too small to be seen without magnification
Types
Prokaryotic cells - Prokaryotes
Bacteria
have no nucleus and generally no other organelles
complex structure that engages in nearly every activity that eukaryotes can, and many can function in ways that eukaryotes cannot
Divide by binary fission
sexual reproduction that replicates genetic material, and cells divide into two daughter cells
Structures
Unique cell wall structure
Possess prokaryotic 70s ribosomes
Lack nuclear membrane around DNA
Less complex membranes
Virus
can infect all living cells
parasitic
assemblies of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), lipids, and carbohydrates
dependent on the host
connected with the evolution of microbes and humans
Eukaryotic cells - Eukaryotes
found in animals, plants, fungi, and protozoa
contain nucleus and other organelles that perform useful functions
Organelles
endoplasmic reticulum – transport
mitochondria – energy
Ribosomes are 80s – protein synthesis
Possess a NUCLEUS
Vacuole – storage
Lack cell wall
Division by mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis = two identical daughter cells
Meiosis = four sex cells
Disease
Thrush = oral candidiasis
Trichomonas vaginalis - STD
Candida albicans
Ascaris lumbricoides
Fields of study in microbiology
MYCOLOGY
Fungi and Yeasts
BACTERIOLOGY
Bacteria
PARASITOLOGY
Worms, Protozoa, Amoeba
VIROLOGY
Viruses
Disease
The majority of microorganisms that associate with humans cause no harm
The Discovery of Pathogens and the Germ Theory of Disease
Louis Pasteur
The Germ Theory of Disease
Invented microbial fermentation and pasteurization. Provided initial evidence that human diseases could arise from infection
Robert Koch
Established Koch’s postulates that experimentally verified the germ theory.
Koch showed that anthrax is a bacterial disease caused by Bacillus anthracis
Koch’s postulate states that
Evidence is required to establish etiologic relationship between microorganisms and disease
steps
Microorganisms must be observed in every case of the disease
It must be isolated and grown in pure culture
The pure culture when inoculated in animals must reproduce the disease
Microorganisms must be recovered from the diseased animal
Pathogens: microbes that cause disease – pathogenic microorganisms
Worldwide Infectious Diseases
Increasing association of chronic diseases and conditions to microorganisms
gastric ulcers, certain cancers, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, obsessive compulsive disorder, coronary artery disease
Increasing number of drug resistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms and viruses
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Flu and HIV
Increasing number of emerging diseases
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), AIDS, hepatitis C, viral encephalitis