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Visualization rhetoric: Framing effects in narrative visualization.…

- - - - Omission
      - Metonymy
    - - Data provenance
      - identification of a visualization’s designer
      - Representing uncertainty
    - - Obscuring
        
        sizing transformations that
        violate discriminability limits.
        
        adding a gratuitous
        third dimension.
        
        oversizing to the point
        of overwhelming the
        presentation,
        
        false cause-and-effect relationships
      - Visual metaphor and metonymy
        
        suggestive spatial mappings
        
        Typographic mappings
        
        color mappings
        
        Visual noise
      - Contrast
        
        variable splices.
        
        visual contrasts
      - Classification
        
        grouping by size,
        position, or color
      - Redundancy
        
        emphasize by disaggregating
        homogenous values or visual marks
    - - Typographic emphases
        
        bolding
        
        italicing
      - Irony
        
        rhetorical questions
        
        Quotation marks
        
        deliberate
        understatement
      - Similarity
        
        analogy,
        
        Metaphoric statements
        
        Parallelism
        
        Simile
        
        Double entendre
      - individualization
        
        Apostrophe
        
        sorting and filtering methods
        
        phrasing or imagery framed
        from an individual-citizen
        level view
    - - Anchoring
        
        Default views
        
        Fixed comparisons
        
        Spatial ordering
        
        Animations
        
        suggestions
        
        search
        
        goal
      - filtering,
        
        search bar
        
        data depiction
  - - - textual codes,
      - aesthetic codes