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Islam 100 - 111 (Cultural Context (Founder (A time of persecution - the…

- - - - early life
        
        Mecca 570 A.D
        
        father died before birth, mother died aged six, lived with grandfather, lived with uncle after grandfathers death
        
        unable to read or write, became shepherd and later businessman
      - time of prayer
        
        25 married wealthy widow Khadijah who was 40, gave birth to five children
        
        unhappy with things in Mecca, saw no particular religion and people lived selfish lives
        
        He went to cave on Mount Hira to pray
      - Night of Power and Excellence
        
        during Ramadan received revelation from God, Angel Gabriel, said read, Muhammad said he was unable
        
        angel repeated 3 times with Muhammad and he could read, Night of Power and Excellence
        
        celebrate on last 10 days of Ramadan, believe angles preform special deeds, in Qur'an described as better than a thousand months
        
        Muhammad frightened and told wife, who told cousin Waraqah who was saintly
        
        said it was same Angel Gabriel as Moses', Muhammad messenger, Khadijah became first person to accept Muhammad as messenger of Islam
    - - revelations continued for 10 years from 610 CE - 632 Ce
      - Gabriel said he was sent from allah = god
      - one important = tell people to return to worship
      - became known as islam = peace by submission or obedience to the will of allah
      - followers became muslims = those who have submitted to the will of allah
    - - Muhammad began to preach, rich were angry with preaches against idolism and living greedily
      - businessmen felt threatened by preaching, tried to bribe, stayed true
      - Muhammad and followers, tortured, continued faith in Allah
      - 622 CE leaders, kill prophet, Gabriel told Muhammad to leave, he did
      - three days later arrived in Medina, Hijra is name of this event, islamic calendar
      - Muslims followed, many died protecting themselves
      - 629 CE marched back, went to Kaaba, removed idols, forgave all who persecuted, returned Kaaba to one god Allah
      - 632 CE Muhammad died in Medina, lived simple + holy life
- - - - Muhammad preached the qur'an to start, recited words to people who said them during prayer
      - recited all verses once a year to check accuracy
      - got scribes to write down verses, two reasons
        
        to record correctly teachings of allah
        
        to make sure teachings won't be lost
        
        written down on palm leaves in arabic, Abu Bakr converts, ruler after Muhammad, head of committee to produce Qur'an in book form
    - - 114 chapters, one has 3 verses one has 286
      - very important, learn parts in arabic
      - person who can recite part are called hafiz
      - qur'an gives detailed account on how muslism should lived
      - Arabic read left to right
      - treated with great care / respect, preform ritual washing / wudu before touching it
      - reading, reciting and listening to Qur'an are forms of worship, start of prayer first chapter from Qur'an, therefore plays very important role
- - - - declaration of faith, mus recite before prayer,
      - it says 'There is only one God and Muhammad is his messenger
      - first thing in the morning, last at night, whispered in ears of newborn, all beliefs flow from this
      - Allah is one, worshipped alone, creator, giver, taker of life, all pwerful
    - - way of life, 5 times a day, many preparations, all make ritual
      - Wudu
        
        washing that takes place before prayer, area where they pray is clean, washing hands, mouth, nostrils, face, arms to elbow, feet up to ankles
        
        wet hand over head, wiping inside and out of ear, remove shoes
        
        kneel on ground on prayer mat, can bring anywhere
      - Face the Kaaba in Mecca
        
        face southeast to Mecca, prayer mats have compasses
        
        in mosque hollow in wall called a mihrab, faces the Kaaba
      - Adhan
        
        call to prayer, in mosque or group this used to call start of prayer
      - Ra'ka
        
        set movements in order and say verses from Qur'an to form Ra'ka
        
        to begin raise hands to ears / shoulders, bow, sit and kneel at certain stages
        
        turn head left and right at end
      - prayer times are Fajr - dawn, Zuhr - afternoon, Asr - late afternoon, Magrib - immediately after sunset, Isha - evening
    - - to do with wealth from Allah, purifies their wealth, some pay zakat during Ramadan
      - give to local mosque, which divide among needy
      - each person gives 2.5% of yearly savings as long as they reach a certain amount
      - this means people only give what they deserve
    - - fasting takes place during Ramadan, focus on faith, all who are well and have reached puberty are expected to take part
      - increase efforts to live good lives, pray more and read Qur'an
      - follow calendar based on moon, Ramadan move forward 11 days each year
      - eat light breakfast before dawn and a light meal after sunset, miss a day of fasting they must make it up
    - - pilgrimage to Mecca they must make once, come from all over the world to pray
      - takes place during twelfth month of the year, all are equal on hajj
      - wear simple white dress ihram, shows muslims are willing to give to Allah
      - stages are linked to life of Muhammad, it remembers the time it was preformed by Muhammad