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AIR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM (RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN ANIMALS (lungs (made up…
AIR AND RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
AIR
everywhere
moving air is called wind
useful and destructive
produce electricity or move a sailing boat
typhoons and hurricanes are destructive winds
a mixture of colourless gases, consisting of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% carbon dioxide, water vapour and other rare gases
OXYGEN
is needed by all living things, for combustion, and certain chemical reactions such as rusting and decomposition
living things use oxygen for respiration
is needed by all living things, for combustion, and certain chemical reactions such as rusting and decomposition
living things use oxygen for respiration
respiration is the process in which digested food is broken down to release energy, carbon dioxide and water
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + energy
can be found in water and in the soil
dissolved oxygen is found in water and is important to aquatic plants and animals
oxygen and water vapour act on iron to produce rust.
in decomposition, oxygen is used up. The decaying matter is broken down by bacteria and fungi into substances which provide nutrients for plants.
the decaying matter + oxygen --> nutrients for plants + carbon dioxide + heat
NITROGEN
the most abundant gas in the air
not needed by most living things
some bacteria in the soil are able to covert nitrogen in the air into nutrients which are useful for plants
to make explosives (e.g. fireworks) and fertilisers for plants
to make explosives (e.g. fireworks) and fertilisers for plants
has a low boiling point of -196oC and used to freeze food and cool machines.
CARBON DIOXIDE
is used by plants together with water to make food during photosynthesis
the products of photosynthesis are oxygen and glucose (sugar)
carbon dioxide is also given off when things burn and when living things breathe.
carbon dioxide is also given off when things burn and when living things breathe.
WATER VAPOUR
in the air, can change into liquid when it touches a cool surface
reacts with oxygen to cause iron to rust
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN PLANTS
plants help to maintain a balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the air
during the day
there is sunlight, the chlorophyll in plants capture the sunlight and convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
take in carbon dioxide fron their surrounding through stomata
stomata are found mostly on the underside of leaves away from direct sunlight. This is to prevent too much water from evaporating through the stomata, resulting in excessive water loss.
oxygen produced by the plants released through the stomata into the air
oxygen produced by the plants released through the stomata into the air
excess water vapour also passes through the stomata of the leaves during transpiration. --> cool the plant on a hot day.
during the night
takes in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide
there is no light, photosynthesis stops but respiration continues
the amount of oxygen used for respiration is a lot less than that given out from photosynthesis.
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN ANIMALS
breathing and respiration
breathing (gaseous exchange) is the process of taking in (inhalation) and giving out air (exhalation)
is neccessary for respiration to take place
different animals have different respiratory systems
lungs
made up of many tiny air sacs called alveoli
the alveoli have many blood vessels (capillaries) and oxygen pass through the walls of the alveoli into the capillaries.
the blood contains red blood cells which carry the oxygen to the heart
the heart then pumps this blood to other parts of the body
meanwhile, carbon dioxide from the blood passes through the capillaries into the alveoli.
respiratory system in human
is made up of nose, throat, windpipe, lungs and diaphragm
the inner lining of the air tubes has a special layer that produces sticky mucus to trap dirt
inhalation
ribcage moves outwards and diaphragm moves downwards --> chest cavity becomes larger
air rushed in through the nose (or mouth) --> windpipe --> bronchi, bronchioles and lungs
exhalation
ribcage moves inwards and diaphragm moves up --> the chest cavity become smaller --> forces the air out of the lungs
nose and windpipe have tiny hairs to trap dust --> the inhaled air (contains dust and is fry and cool) becomes cleaned, moistened (due to mucus) and warmed (by our body heat)
differences between inhaled and exhaled air
Inhaled air has more oxygen, less water vapour, room temperature and contains dust while exhaled air has more carbon dioxide, more water vapour, no dust and is warmer than room temperature.
respiratory system in fish
breathe through gills
gills consist of many feather-like structures called gill filaments.
made up of many layer of gill filaments --> provide a large surface area for absorpstion of dissolved oxygen from the water.
the gill filaments contain a rich supply of blood vessels --> found under the gill covers.
gaseous exchange via gills
when fish swims, it opens its mouth and water enters through its mouth and passes over the gills --> oxygen is absorbed into the blood via the blood vessels of the gill filaments and dissolves in the water.
at the same time, carbon dioxide passes through the walls of the blood vessels and dissolves in the water --> carbon dioxide is removed as the water flows out from under the gill covers when the covers open
respiratory system in some aquatic creatures
the common carp
goes to the water surface to breathe when oxygen supply in the water is low
able to hold an air bubble in its mouth near its gills.
the mudskipper and the crab
live on land for short periods as they have a special gill chamber that can store water, keeping the gills moist --> enables the gills to extract dissolved oxygen from the water in the gill chambers.
besides gills, the mudskipper also has simple lungs to breathe.
respiratory system in sea mammals
whales and dolphins
breathe through lungs and need to come up to the water surface to take in air --> blowholes on top of their heads.
seals and manatees: have nostrils located at the top of their snout. --> push their nostrils above the water surface to breathe while the rest of the body is under water.
summary of different respiratory systems in animals
methods of breathing
gills: fish, tadpole, crab, prawn, shrimp, dragonfly nymph
skin: worm, leech, frog, toad
breathing tubes: mosquito larva/pupa
breathing holes: most insect
lungs: bird, mammal, reptile, frog, taod
animals breathe through gills and skin take in dissolved oxygen while animals which breathe by lungs, breathing tubes and breathing holes take in atmospheric oxygen.