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Cognitive Approach to Depression (Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (What?…
Cognitive Approach to Depression
Beck's Theory
Faulty information processing
Look at the negatives
Ignore the positives
Blow small problems out of proportion
Negative self-schemas
Interpret all information to be negative about ourselves
Ineptness schemas
Expect to fail
Self-blame schemas
Feel responsible for all misfortunes
Negative self-evaluation schemas
Constantly reminded of worthlessness
Negative triad
Negative views of the world
Negative view of the future
Negative view of the self
Low self-esteem
Ellis's ABC Model
Good mental health
Rational thinking
Happy & Free of pain
Anxiety/Depression
Irrational thoughts
Illogical thoughts
Unrealistic thoughts
ABC Model
A - Activating event
Irrational thoughts triggered by external events
Negative events
B - Beliefs
Irrational beliefs
C - Consequences
Irrational beliefs
Emotional consequences
Behavioural consequences
Evaluation
Ellis's ABC Model
Partial eplanation
Activating events = reactive depression
Different to the depression that occurs without obvious cause
Practical applicatoions
Leads to successful therapy
Challenges the irrational negative beliefs
Lipsky et al. {1980}
Doesn't explain all aspects of depression
Doesn't explain the anger associated or the impact of some people suffering from hallucinations and delusions
Beck's Theory
Good supporting evidence
Grazioli & Terry {2000}
Assessed 65 pregnant women for cognitive vulnerability & depression before and after birth
High cognitive vulnerability = more likely to suffer post-natal depression
Clark & Beck {1999}
Reviewed the research
Beck may be right about cognition causing depression in some cases
Practical applications
Basis of cognitive behaviour therapy
Can identify the negative triad and challenge it
Successful therapy
Doesn't explain all aspects of depression
Cannot explain the more extreme cases and emotions
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
What?
Assessment of the problems
Create a plan of action to reach goals
Must identify where there might be negative/irrational thoughts
Work on changing the negative/irrational thoughts
CBT: Beck
Identify the negative triad
Challenging these beliefs
Help to test the reality of their negative beliefs
'Patients as scientisits'
Investigating the reality
Future sessions can produce evidence as to whether the patient's statements are correct
Evaluations
Effective
March et al {2007}
Compared effect of CBT with antidepressants and a combination of the 2 in 327 adolescents with diagnosed depression
36 weeks = significantly improved
81 % CBT group
81% antidepressants group
86% CBT + antidepressant group
Just as effective as medication and alonside medication
May not work for most severe cases
Some patients are unable to motivate themselves to engage in CBT treatment
Antidepressant medication often required
Complete CBT once the patient is more motivated and alert
Cannot be used as the sole treatment
Success may be due to the therapist-patient relationship
Rosenzweig {1936}
Suggested that differences between different methods of psychotherapy are quite small
All therapies require a therapist-patient relationship
CBT: Ellis's Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy {REBT}
Extends the ABC Model
Becomes ABCDE Model
D = Dispute
E = Effect
Identify and challenge irrational beliefs
Vigorous arguments are used to break the link between negative life events and depression
Empirical argument = arguing about supporting evidence
Logical argument = whether the negative thought logically flows form the facts