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Psychological approach (Differences in learners (Age (There is a critical…
Psychological approach
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Learning processes
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Competition model
This is a functional approach which assumes that all linguistic performance involves “mapping” between external form and internal function.
Connectionist approaches
have much in common with IP perspectives, but they focus on the increasing strength of associations between stimuli and responses rather than on the inferred abstraction of “rules” or on restructuring. Indeed, from a connectionist perspective learning essentially is change in the strength of these connections.
Differences in learners
Age
There is a critical period for first language acquisition: children have only a limited number of years during which normal acquisition is possible. Beyond that, physiological changes cause the brain to lose its
plasticity, or capacity to assume the new functions that learning language
demands.
Sex
Many western cultures believe that females tend to be better L2 learners than males, this is probably a social construct, based on outcomes which reflect cultural and sociopsychological constraints and influences.
Aptitude
:check:Phonemic coding ability: Capacity to process auditory input into segments that are stored and retrieved.
:check:Inductive language learning ability and grammatical sensitivity:allow to infer structure,
identify patterns, make generalizations, recognize the grammatical function of elements, and formulate rules. (restructuring occurs)
:check:
Associative memory capacity is concerned with how linguistic items are stored, and with how they are recalled and used in output. Determines fluency
Motivation
A construct which includes at least the following components:
• Significant goal or need
• Desire to attain the goal
• Perception that learning L2 is relevant to fulfilling the goal or
meeting the need
• Belief in the likely success or failure of learning L2
• Value of potential outcomes/rewards
Cognitive style
Individuals’ preferred way of processing,perceiving, conceptualizing, organizing, and recalling information. (Field-dependent /field-independent)
Personality
Anxious
Risk-avoiding
Shy
Introverted
Inner-directed
Reflective
Imaginative
Creative
Empathetic
Tolerant of ambiguity
Learning strategies
Metacognitive strategies are those which attempt to regulate language
learning by planning and monitoring; cognitive strategies make use of direct analysis or synthesis of linguistic material; social/affective strategies involve interaction with others.